![Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285869759/9781285869759_largeCoverImage.gif)
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement -The majority (greater than 50%) of the more than 300 naturally occurring isotopes are stable is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in
atomic number and increase by four in mass number. - Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
The statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
The given statement is true because out of 300 naturally occurring isotopes, there are 264 isotopes that are stable and never give off any radioactivity.
(b)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement −More artificial isotopes have been created in the laboratory than there are naturally occurring stable isotopes, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
More artificial isotopes have been created in the laboratory than there are naturally occurring stable isotopes. Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
There are more than 1000 isotopes which have been created in laboratory.
(c)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement -All artificial isotopes created in the laboratory are radioactive, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
All artificial isotopes created in the laboratory are radioactive. Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
From naturally occurring isotopes 264 isotopes are not having any type of radioactivity. Therefore, more than 1000 artificial isotopes are created which are radioactive.
(d)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - The terms “beta particles”, “beta emission” and “beta ray” all refer to the same type of radiation, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
The terms “beta particles”, “beta emission” and “beta ray” all refer to the same type of radiation. Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
All the three terms- beta ray, bera emission and beta particle are refering to the emissin of electron from given nucleus that results into increase of one number in atomic number of new element and no change in mass number.
(e)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When balancing a
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When balancing a nuclear equation, the sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers on each side of the equation must be the same. Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
Any reaction comes in equilibrium when both side of equation is equal. In nuclear reaction, emission of proton or neutron occurs. This made changes in mass number or atomic number or both. So, the nuclear reaction can be balanced with equalization of both sides in its sum of mass number as well as the sum of atomic numbers.
(f)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement -The symbol of a beta particle is
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
The symbol of a beta particle is
Explanation of Solution
As there is an occurrence of emission of electron which is negatively charged, beta emission has symbol of
(g)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When a nucleus emits a beta particle, the new nucleus has the same mass number but an atomic number one unit higher, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When a nucleus emits a beta particle, the new nucleus has the same mass number but an atomic number one unit higher. Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
During the beta emission, a neutron is converted into proton and electron from which electron is emitted and proton left behind resulted into increase of one in atomic number.
(h)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When iron-59 (
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When iron-59 (
Explanation of Solution
In periodic table, cobalt comes after iron and contains one number more in atomic number. The iron-59 emits electron by decay of its neutron in beta emission. The remaining proton increase the atomic number and forms cobalt-59.
(i)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When a nucleus emits a beta particle, it first captures an electron from outside the nucleus and then emits it, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When a nucleus emits a beta particle, neutron is broken down into and electron is emitted as beta particle. Thus, the statement is false.
Explanation of Solution
The emission of beta particle is resulted by due to conversion of neutron to electron and proton. From this only electron is emitted out. So, there is no electron captured form outside of nucleus.
(j)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - For the purposes of determining atomic numbers in a nuclear equation, an electron is assumed to have a mass number of zero and atomic number of -1, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
The VSEPR model is the model which is used for understanding the bond angles of atoms depending upon its electronegativity. VSEPR model is useful to predict bond angles occurred between atoms of a molecule. The bond angle of atom is a point where two atoms are joined together. The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model is full form of VSEPR model.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
For the purposes of determining atomic numbers in a nuclear equation, an electron is assumed to have a mass number of zero and atomic number of -1. Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
For the purposes of determining atomic numbers in a nuclear equation, an electron is assumed to have a mass number of zero and atomic number of -1.
(k)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement -The symbol of an alpha particle is
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
The symbol of an alpha particle is
Explanation of Solution
Alpha particle is a helium nucleus and has symbol of
(l)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When a nucleus emits an alpha particle, the new nucleus has an atomic number two units higher and a mass number four units higher, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When a nucleus emits an alpha particle, the new nucleus has an atomic number two units lower and a mass number four units higher. Thus, the statement is false.
Explanation of Solution
During the alpha emission, helium nucleus is emitted, and new nucleus is formed with atomic number decreased by two number and mass number increased by four numbers.
(m)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When uranium-238 (
Concept Introduction:
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When uranium-238 (
Explanation of Solution
As uranium-238 undergoes alpha emission, the new nucleus contains
(n)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - The symbol of a positron is
Concept Introduction:
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
The symbol of a positron is
Explanation of Solution
Positron emission is emission of electron but positively charged and have symbol of
(o)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - A positron is sometimes referrred to as a positive electron,is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
A positron is sometimes referrred to as a positive electron. Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
A positron is an electron that is positively charged and referred as positive electron.
(p)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When a nucleus emits a positron, the new nucleus has the same mass number but an atomic number one unit lower, is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When a nucleus emits a positron, the new nucleus has the same mass number but an atomic number one unit lower.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
The positron is emitted because proton becomes neutron and comes out form nucleus. This reduces atomic number.
(q)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When carbon-11 (
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When carbon-11 (
Explanation of Solution
Due to positron emission, proton comes out from nucleus as neutron and there is a decreased one of atomic number. Carbon-11 has atomic number 6 which after positron emission converted into Boron-11 with atomic number of 5.
(r)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - Alpha emission and positronemission both results in the formation of of a new nucleus with a lower atomic number,is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
Alpha emission and positronemission both results in the formation of of a new nucleus with a lower atomic number.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
In alpha emission two numbers and in positron emission one number of atomic numbers is decreased and results into new nucleus with a lower atomic number.
(s)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - The symbol for gamma radiation is
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
The symbol for gamma radiation is
Explanation of Solution
The gamma radiation is decay in which nucleus gets stabilized from higher energy levels to lower energy levels and contain symbol of
(t)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When a nucleus emits gamma radiation, the new nucleus formed has the same mass number and same atomic number,is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When a nucleus emits gamma radiation, the new nucleus formed has the same mass number and same atomic number.Thus, the statement is true.
Explanation of Solution
Gamma radiation occurs because of energy released from nucleus as it stabilizes from higher energy state to lower energy state and resulting into no transmutation in nucleus.
(u)
Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement- When a nucleus captures an extranuclear clectron, the new nucleus formed has the same atomic number but a mass number one unit lower,is true or not.
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 9.18P
When a nucleus captures an extranuclear clectron, the new nucleus formed has the same mass number but atomic number one unit lower.Thus, the statement is false.
Explanation of Solution
In electron capture, there is absorption of electron from outside of nucleus and change occurs in number of atomic number with no effect in mass number.
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Interpretation:
To analyse whether the given statement - When gallium-67 (
Concept Introduction:
An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occur due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission, gamma emission and electron capture.
- Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus. This emission results into decrease by two in atomic number and increase by four in mass number.
- Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule. This emission results into increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule. This emission results into decrease by one number in atomic number and no change in mass number.
- Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule. This emission results into no change in mass number and atomic number.
- Electron capture- Electron capture occurring by absorption of electron in nucleus which reacts with proton to form neutron and in this reaction new nucleus have increase in atomic number and no change in mass number.
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Answer to Problem 9.18P
When gallium-67 (
Explanation of Solution
Extra electron is absorbed from outside in electron capture radiation. The gallium-67 undergoes electron capture and form a nucleus of Zinc-67 which has atomic number of 30 because of reduction of one number in atomic value.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
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