
(a)
Interpretation:
At higher temperature rate, transition of atoms of sodium occurs from 4s to 3p state and the average wavelength of sodium due to the emission is 1139 nm. Ratio of excited state 4 seconds to ground state 3seconds needs to be calculated for acetylene- oxygen flame of 3000oC.
Concept introduction:
Calculation of ratio is done by using the Boltzmann equation, given as-
Where,
Nj = no. of ions in excited state
No = no. of ions in ground state
Ej = energy difference of excited state and ground state
gj = statistical weight for excited state
go = statistical weight for ground state
k= Boltzmann constant
T = absolute temperature
Energy of atom is calculated by the following formula-
Where,
h= Planck’s constant
c = light velocity
λ= wavelength
Ej= energy difference
(b)
Interpretation:
Ratio of excited state 4s to ground state 3s needs to be calculated for an inductively coupled plasma source of 9000oC.
Concept introduction:
Calculation will be done using the following formulas-
And

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Chapter 9 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
- Draw the Show the major and minor product(s) for the following reaction mechanisms for both reactions and show all resonance structures for any Explain why the major product is favoured? intermediates H-Brarrow_forwardChoose the right answerarrow_forward8. What is the major product of the following reaction? KMnO4 b a TOH OH OH C d OH "OH HO OH OHarrow_forward
- Choose the right answerarrow_forward3. Draw ALL THE POSSBILE PRODUCTS AND THE MECHANISMS WITH ALL RESONANCE STRUCTURES. Explain using the resonance structures why the major product(s) are formed over the minor product(s). H₂SO4, HONO CHarrow_forward7. Provide the product(s), starting material(s) and/or condition(s) required for the No mechanisms required. below reaction HO + H-I CI FO Br2, FeBr3 O I-Oarrow_forward
- 6. Design the most efficient synthesis of the following product starting from phenot Provide the reaction conditions for each step (more than one step is required) and explain the selectivity of each reaction. NO MECHANISMS ARE REQUIRED. OH step(s) CIarrow_forwardWhat is the skeletal structure of the product of the following organic reaction?arrow_forwardIf a reaction occurs, what would be the major products? Please include a detailed explanation as well as a drawing showing how the reaction occurs and what the final product is.arrow_forward
- What is the major organic product of the following nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction of an acid chloride below?arrow_forwardWould the following organic synthesis occur in one step? Add any missing products, required catalysts, inorganic reagents, and other important conditions. Please include a detailed explanation and drawings showing how the reaction may occur in one step.arrow_forwardIf a reaction occurs, what would be the major products? Please include a detailed explanation as well as a drawing showing how the reaction occurs and what the final product is.arrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
