Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305112100
Author: Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 2CT
Given what you now know about how foreign invaders trigger immune responses, explain why mutated forms of viruses, which have altered surface proteins, pose a monitoring problem for a person’s memory cells.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 9 - Prob. 1RQCh. 9 - Distinguish between a. neutrophil and macrophage...Ch. 9 - What is the difference between innate immunity and...Ch. 9 - What is the difference between an allergy and an...Ch. 9 - ______ are barriers to pathogens at body surfaces....Ch. 9 - Complement proteins function in defense by...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3SQCh. 9 - Prob. 4SQCh. 9 - Antibody-mediated responses work best against...Ch. 9 - Cell-mediated responses work best against...
Ch. 9 - The most common antigens are __________. a....Ch. 9 - The ability to develop a secondary immune response...Ch. 9 - Tears are part of the bodys defensive arsenal....Ch. 9 - Match the immunity concepts: __________...Ch. 9 - New research suggests a link between some microbes...Ch. 9 - Given what you now know about how foreign invaders...Ch. 9 - Researchers have been trying to develop a way to...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4CTCh. 9 - Prob. 5CT
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- Antibodies play a critical role in the prevention of infection by the specific viruses the antibody is designed to detect. Which immune system cell produces antibodies? Indicate four ways that antibodies can disrupt the ability of a virus to infect a cell. PLEASE ANSWER ALL PARTS TO THIS QUESTIONarrow_forwardViruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct definition Antigenic drift [ Choose ] [Choose ] Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens Antigenic shift The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sitesarrow_forwardExplain HIV is so difficult to treat. Why antiviral medication is a cocktail/mixture of different antiviral medications and how might they work to fight off the infection?arrow_forward
- “T-lymphocytes are the most important arm of the immune response in protecting the community against virus infection.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain your reasoningarrow_forwardGiven what we know about HIV, describe the impact of this virus on humoral and cellular immunity. [hint - HIV targets CD4 cells; how will this impact an immune response]arrow_forwardRhinoviruses, the most common cause of colds, do not have a lipid envelope. Compared to enveloped viruses, these and other nonenveloped viruses tend to remain infectious outside the body longer, are more likely to be spread by contact with surfaces, and are less likely to be rendered harmless by exposure to hand sanitizer or hand washing. Explain how the lack of an envelope could contribute to these characteristics.arrow_forward
- with HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase. What would you explain about the process? What is the significance of the CD4+ count? ( Discuss the meaning of various ranges of CD4 counts.) List 5 opportunistic infections AND describe data to suggest whether or not a patient has such an infection.arrow_forwardImagine a new viral infection has emerged in the southwestern U.S. The virus has distinct surface properties such that prior infections with other viruses is not providing immunity against this virus and it starts to spread rapidly. Diagram and/or describe the major steps of immune response to infection by this virus. Include both the innate and adaptive immune responses. How do antibodies help block viral infection? Once the virus enters a cell it is no longer accessible to antibodies or immune cells. What type of T cells are most important for this stage of infection? How do these T cells recognize infected cells and stop the infection?arrow_forward1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of these individuals, 76% were male. HIV is an enveloped, ssRNA virus_ Baltimore classification VI. This virus targets CD4+ cells. CD4 refers to a glycoprotein which serves as a co-receptor for T-cells, located on T-helper and T-reg immune cells. a) What part of the HIV virus allows for specificity to CD4+ cells?arrow_forward
- In terms of a virus, how could injecting an mRNA sequence trigger an immune response. be sure to also explain how antibodies, antigens, t cells, b cells, and immune memory work within this situation.arrow_forward“T-lymphocytes are the most important arm of the immune response in protecting the community against virus infection.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain your reasoning in detailarrow_forwardHow common is ABV in the USA? In the United States, over half of adults have been infected with ABV by age 40. Once ABV is in a person's body, it stays there for life and can reactivate. Match terms with descriptions based on the text above. You can use an answer more than once or not at all. "Over half of adults have been infected with ABV by age 40." ABV could belong to this group of viruses: A. Human Papilloma Viruses B. Incidence of ABV C. Herpesviruses D. Prevalence of ABV by age 40arrow_forward
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