Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 9, Problem 27PS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electronic configuration in molecular orbital term should be written for the given molecule chlorine monoxide ClO

Concept Introduction:

Molecular orbital (MO) theory:  is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.

According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,

  1. (1) Bonding orbitals
  2. (2) Antibonding orbitals

Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.

The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule O2 can be represented as follows,

(σ1s)2(σ*1s)2(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2(σ2p)2( π2p)4( π*2p)2 

The * represent the antibonding orbital

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 27PS

The electronic configuration ClO molecule is,

(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2( π2p)4(σ2p)2 ( π*2p)3

Explanation of Solution

There are 13 valence electrons in ClO molecule.

In accordance with the MO theory, the electron configuration of this molecule can be written as follows,

(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2( π2p)4(σ2p)2 ( π*2p)3

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) in the given molecule chlorine monoxide ClO should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular orbital (MO) theory:  is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.

According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,

  1. (1) Bonding orbitals
  2. (2) Antibonding orbitals

Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.

The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule O2 can be represented as follows,

(σ1s)2(σ*1s)2(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2(σ2p)2( π2p)4( π*2p)2 

The * represent the antibonding orbital

HOMO and LUMO: This terms are stands for highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), respectively. So this energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO–LUMO gap.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 27PS

The ( π*2p) electron is the highest occupied molecular orbital.

Explanation of Solution

There are 13 valence electrons in ClO molecule.

In accordance with the MO theory, the electron configuration of this molecule can be written as follows,

(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2( π2p)4(σ2p)2 ( π*2p)3

The molecular Orbital diagram for the given molecule can be drawn as follows,

  σ*2p(Antibondingelectrons)π*2pπ*2p2px2py2pz2px2py2pzσ2p(Bondingelectrons)π2pπ2p

                            (Antibondingelectrons)(σ*2s)2s2s(Bondingelectrons)(σ2s)2

    (Antibondingelectrons)(σ*2s)2s2s(Bondingelectrons)(σ2s)2

In the (ClO) molecule, three electrons were occupied in p-orbitals mainly in ( π*2p) molecular orbital. Therefore, it is the highest occupied molecular orbital.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be checked that whether the given molecule is diamagnetic or paramagnetic in nature.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular orbital (MO) theory:  is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.

According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,

  1. (1) Bonding orbitals
  2. (2) Antibonding orbitals

Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.

The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule O2 can be represented as follows,

(σ1s)2(σ*1s)2(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2(σ2p)2( π2p)4( π*2p)2 

The * represent the antibonding orbital

Atoms with unpaired electrons are called Paramagnetic. Paramagnetic atoms are attracted to a magnet.

Atoms with paired electrons are called diamagnetic. Diamagnetic atoms are repelled by  a magnet

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 27PS

The given molecule ClO is paramagnetic in nature.

Explanation of Solution

There are 13 valence electrons in ClO molecule.

In accordance with the MO theory, the electron configuration of this molecule can be written as follows,

(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2( π2p)4(σ2p)2 ( π*2p)3

The molecular Orbital diagram for the given molecule can be  drawn  as follows,

  σ*2p(Antibondingelectrons)π*2pπ*2p2px2py2pz2px2py2pzσ2p(Bondingelectrons)π2pπ2p

                            (Antibondingelectrons)(σ*2s)2s2s(Bondingelectrons)(σ2s)2

    (Antibondingelectrons)(σ*2s)2s2s(Bondingelectrons)(σ2s)2

In the (ClO) molecule, there is one unpaired electron on the upper portion of the MO diagram.

Presence of an unpaired electron induces paramagnetic character to the molecule.

Therefore, the given molecule is paramagnetic in nature.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Bond order and net σandπbonds in the given molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular orbital (MO) theory:  is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.

According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,

  1. (1) Bonding orbitals
  2. (2) Antibonding orbitals

Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.

The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule O2 can be represented as follows,

(σ1s)2(σ*1s)2(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2(σ2p)2( π2p)4( π*2p)2 

The * represent the antibonding orbital

Bond order: It is the measure of number of electron pairs shared between two atoms.

Bondorder=12(NumberofelectronsinbondoingMOs-NumberofelectronsinantibondingMOs)

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

There are 13 valence electrons in ClO molecule.

In accordance with the MO theory, the electron configuration of this molecule can be written as follows,

(σ2s)2(σ*2s)2( π2p)4(σ2p)2 ( π*2p)3

The bond order of canbe calculatedasfollows,Bondorder=12(NumberofelectronsinbondoingMOs-NumberofelectronsinantibondingMOs)Bondorder=(85)2=32=1.5

From the bond order value it is clear that, there are net 1σbondand0.5πbonds in the molecule.

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