
Concept explainers
Match each of the terms in the left column to the best-fitting phrase from the right column.
a. | oligonucleotide | 1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
b. | vector | 2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
c. | sticky ends | 3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
d. | recombinant DNA | 4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
e. | ddNTPs | 5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
f. | genomic library | 6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
g. | genomic equivalent | 7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
h. | gel electrophoresis | 8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
i. | selectable marker | 9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
j. | hybridization | 10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
k. | primer | 11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
l. | polylinker | 12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “oligonucleotide” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
The primers that are used in the DNA reactions are the short and small fragments called oligonucleotides.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Oligonucleotide: A short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine.
Explanation of Solution
Oligonucleotides are small fragments of DNA which are used as primers in DNA sequencing reactions. These are complementary to the vector sequence.

b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “vector” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
A vector can be considered as the carrier of the genetic material.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Vector: A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment
Explanation of Solution
A vector is a DNA molecule that is used for transportation, replication, and purification of DNA fragment. It acts as a carrier. The insert DNA cannot replicate independently. Therefore, the vector is used to support the replication.

c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “sticky ends” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Sticky ends are the result of the incision process of various types of restriction enzymes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Sticky ends: Short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
Explanation of Solution
Sticky ends are produced when DNA strands are incised with restriction enzymes. Sticky ends have the ability to ligate with the complimentary sticky ends which are incised by the same restriction enzyme.

d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “recombinant DNA” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Recombinant DNA is the modified form of DNA that is produced with the help of genetic engineering tools.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Recombinant DNA: Contains genetic material from two different organisms
Explanation of Solution
Recombinant DNA molecules consist of vector DNA and insert DNA from the different organisms. The vector DNA and the insert DNA fragment are joined to form a recombinant DNA molecule.

e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “ddNTPs” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
ddNTPs stands for dinucleotide triphosphate. These nucleotides act as subunits for the chain termination process.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
ddNTPs: DNA chain-terminating subunits
Explanation of Solution
ddNTPs are the dideoxynucleotides triphosphates used as a chain-terminating subunits. This is because the polymerase enzyme does not elongate the primer from a ddNTP.

f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genomic library” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
A genomic library contains the vast collection of genetic material or DNA stretches of given species.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genomic library: A collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector.
Explanation of Solution
A genomic library consists of several cellular clones. These clones have each gene sequence related to entire genome of the species. These are carried by appropriate vector.

g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genomic equivalent” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
The number of fragments of DNA that are inserted into a particular clone.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genomic equivalent: The number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
Explanation of Solution
Genomic equivalent is defined as the count of number of DNA fragments inserted into clones in an accurate genomic library. The genomic equivalent can be calculated by dividing the total length of the genome with the mean size of insert.

h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “gel electrophoresis” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
It is a type of technique used for the separation of segments of DNA.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Gel electrophoresis: Method for separating DNA molecules by size
Explanation of Solution
Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate the macromolecules such as DNA on the basis of their size. The smaller fragments run quickly as compared to the larger fragments.

i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “selectable marker” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
With the hel of selectable marker, one can easily distinuish between the transformants among the non transformants.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Selectable marker: Gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
Explanation of Solution
Selectable marker is a gene present in a vector which is used for the isolation of transformants. Due to the presence of selectable marker, transformant cells can be isolated.

j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “hybridization” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Association of two single-stranded molecules of DNA to form single double-stranded DNA.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Hybridization: Stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
Explanation of Solution
Hybridization is a procedure in which two single-stranded DNA molecules bind to form a single double-stranded DNA molecule. The two strands must be complementary to each other.

k.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “primer” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Short stretch of nucleotide strands that can be extended with the help of polymerase enzyme.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Primer: Oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
Explanation of Solution
A primer is a small nucleic acid sequence that provides an initiation point for DNA synthesis. The primer is extended by the DNA polymerase enzyme.

l.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “polylinker” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Polylinker is a type of synthetic segment of DNA having unique restriction sites.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Polylinker: Synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
Explanation of Solution
A polylinker is a small segment of DNA. It contains several restriction sites but these restriction sites are unique. Polylinkers are used for the insertion of foreign DNA.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
EBK GENETICS: FROM GENES TO GENOMES
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