General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780132931281
Author: Ralph H. Petrucci, F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry D. Madura, Carey Bissonnette
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 13E
Which is (a) the smallest atom in group 13; (b) the smallest of the following atoms: Te, In, Sr, Po, Sb? Why?
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Boron, atomic number 5, occurs naturally as two isotopes, 10B and 11B, with natural abundances of 19.9% and 80.1%, respectively.
(a) In what ways do the two isotopes differ from each other? Does the electronic configuration of 10B differ from that of 11B?
(b) Draw the orbital diagram for an atom of 11B. Which electrons are the valence electrons?
(c) Indicate three ways in which the 1s electrons in boron differ from its 2s electrons.
(d) Elemental boron reacts with fluorine to form BF3, a gas. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solid boron with fluorine gas.
(e) ΔHf° for BF3(g) is -1135.6 kj/mol. Calculate the standard enthalpy change in the reaction of boron with fluorine.
(f) Will the mass percentage of F be the same in 10BF3 and 11BF3? If not, why is that the case?
Boron, atomic number 5, occurs naturally as two isotopes, 10B and 11B, with natural abundances of 19.9% and 80.1%, respectively.(a) In what ways do the two isotopes differ from each other? Does the electronic configuration of 10B differ from that of 11B? (b) Drawthe orbital diagram for an atom of 11B. Which electrons are the valence electrons? (c) Indicate three ways in which the 1s electrons inboron differ from its 2s electrons. (d) Elemental boron reacts with fluorine to form BF3, a gas. Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction of solid boron with fluorine gas. (e) ΔHf° for BF31g2 is -1135.6 kJ>mol. Calculate the standard enthalpy change in thereaction of boron with fluorine. (f) Will the mass percentage of F be the same in 10BF3 and 11BF3? If not, why is that the case?
(a) Rank elements: Na, Mg, Al, and K, in increasing order of: (i) atomic size; (ii) ionization energy, and (iii) reactivity. (b) Explain why atomic size decreases from left to right, but increases from top to bottom; (c) Explain why ionization energy increases from left to right, but decreases from top to bottom; (d) Explain why the reactivity of alkali metals (Group-1) increases from top to bottom, where as the reactivity of halogen (Group-17) decreases from top to bottom.
Chapter 9 Solutions
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)
Ch. 9 - Prob. 1ECh. 9 - Suppose that lanthanum (Z = 57) were a newly...Ch. 9 - The following densities, in grams per cubic...Ch. 9 - The blowing melting points are in degrees Celsius....Ch. 9 - Mendeleev's periodic table did not preclude the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 6ECh. 9 - Prob. 7ECh. 9 - Concerning the incomplete seventh period of the...Ch. 9 - For each of the following pairs, indicate the atom...Ch. 9 - Indicate the smallest and the largest species...
Ch. 9 - Explain why the radii of atoms do not simply...Ch. 9 - The masses of individual atoms can be determined...Ch. 9 - Which is (a) the smallest atom in group 13; (b)...Ch. 9 - How would you expect the sizes of the hydrogen...Ch. 9 - Prob. 15ECh. 9 - Explain why the generalizations presented in...Ch. 9 - Among the following ions, several pairs are...Ch. 9 - Prob. 18ECh. 9 - All the isoelectronic species illustrated in the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 20ECh. 9 - Use principles established in this chapter to...Ch. 9 - Are there any atoms for which the second...Ch. 9 - Some electron affinities are negative quantities,...Ch. 9 - How much energy, in pules, must be absorbed to...Ch. 9 - How much energy, in kilojoules, is required to...Ch. 9 - Prob. 26ECh. 9 - The production of gaseous bromide ions from...Ch. 9 - Use ionization energies and electron affinities...Ch. 9 - The Naa ion and the Ne atom are isoelectronic. The...Ch. 9 - Prob. 30ECh. 9 - Compare the elements Al, Si, S, and Cl. a. Place...Ch. 9 - Compare the elements Na, Mg, O, and P. a. Place...Ch. 9 - Unpaired electrons are found in only one of the...Ch. 9 - Which of the following species has the greatest...Ch. 9 - Which of the following species would you expect to...Ch. 9 - Write electron configurations consistent with the...Ch. 9 - Must all atoms with an odd atomic number be...Ch. 9 - Neither Co24 nor Co24 has 4s electrons in its...Ch. 9 - Use ideas presented in this chapter to indicate...Ch. 9 - Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - Arrange the following species in order of...Ch. 9 - For the following groups of elements, select the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 43ECh. 9 - Of the species Naa, Na, F, and F-, which has the...Ch. 9 - Match each of the lettered items on the left with...Ch. 9 - Prob. 46ECh. 9 - Which of the following ions are unlikely to be...Ch. 9 - Which of the following ions are likely to be found...Ch. 9 - Four atoms and/or ions are sketched below in...Ch. 9 - Prob. 50IAECh. 9 - In Mendeleev's time, indium oxide, which is 82.5%...Ch. 9 - Instead of accepting the atomic mass of indium...Ch. 9 - Refer to Figure 9-11 and explain why the...Ch. 9 - Explain why the third ionization energy of Li(g)...Ch. 9 - Prob. 55IAECh. 9 - Prob. 56IAECh. 9 - Studies done in 1880 showed that a chloride of...Ch. 9 - Assume that atoms are herd spheres, and use the...Ch. 9 - When sodium chloride is strongly heated in a...Ch. 9 - Use information from Chapters 8 and 9 to calculate...Ch. 9 - Refer only to the periodic table on the inside...Ch. 9 - Refer to the footnote on page 393. Then use values...Ch. 9 - Prob. 63IAECh. 9 - Prob. 64IAECh. 9 - The work functions for a number of metals are...Ch. 9 - The following are a few elements and their...Ch. 9 - Gaseous sodium atoms absorb quanta with the...Ch. 9 - A method for estimating electron affinities is to...Ch. 9 - We have seen that the wave functions of...Ch. 9 - In your own words, define the following terms (a)...Ch. 9 - Briefly describe each of the following ideas or...Ch. 9 - Explain the important distinctions between each...Ch. 9 - Prob. 73SAECh. 9 - Prob. 74SAECh. 9 - Prob. 75SAECh. 9 - Prob. 76SAECh. 9 - Prob. 77SAECh. 9 - An ion that is isoelectronic with Se2- is (a) S2-...Ch. 9 - Write electron configurations to show the first...Ch. 9 - Explain why the first ionization energy of Mg is...Ch. 9 - Prob. 81SAECh. 9 - Prob. 82SAECh. 9 - Find three pairs of elements that are out of order...Ch. 9 - Prob. 84SAECh. 9 - Prob. 85SAECh. 9 - Prob. 86SAECh. 9 - Prob. 87SAECh. 9 - Prob. 88SAECh. 9 - In multielectron atoms many of the periodic trends...Ch. 9 - Consider a nitrogen atom in the ground state and...Ch. 9 - Prob. 91SAECh. 9 - Describe how the ionization energies of the ions...Ch. 9 - Prob. 93SAECh. 9 - Prob. 94SAECh. 9 - When compared to a nonmetal of the same period, a...Ch. 9 - Prob. 96SAECh. 9 - Which of the following has a smaller radius than a...Ch. 9 - Prob. 98SAECh. 9 - The electrons lost when Fe ionizes to Fe2- are (a)...Ch. 9 - Prob. 100SAE
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- 2. (a) What is the smallest atom in group 13?(b) What is the smallest atom of the atoms Te, In, Sr, Po, Sb? Why is that?arrow_forward(a) Among the nonmetallic elements, the change in atomic radius in moving one place left or right in a row is smaller than the change in moving one row up or down. Explain these observations. (b) Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius: Si, Al, Ge, Ga.arrow_forward4. (a) Why does the atomic radius increase going down a group (column) of the periodic table?(b) Which of the following atoms has the largest atomic radius? Arrange the atoms in order of decreasing atomic radius: S, O, Se.arrow_forward
- Which of these ionization processes requires the highest amount of energy? (A) Na(g) --> Na+(aq) + e–; (B) Mg(g) --> Mg+(aq) + e–; (C) Al(g) --> Al+(aq) + e–; (D) K(g) --> K+(aq) + e–;arrow_forward(i) Write the equation that represents the first electron affinity of Selenium (Se). (ii) Do you expect this process to be exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWrite condensed electron configurations for the following atoms and ions, using appropriate noble-gas core abbreviations. Put superscripted electron count numbers in parentheses. Examples: Fe = [Ar]4s(2)3d(6), Sn²+ = [Kr]4d(10)5s(2), S²- = [Ar]. (a) v3+ (b) T₁²+ (c) 0²- = (e) Si = = = (d) Te²2- =arrow_forward
- Write condensed electron configurations for the following atoms and ions, using appropriate noble-gas core abbreviations. Put superscripted electron count numbers in parentheses. Examples: Fe = [Ar]4s(2)3d(6), Sn²+ = [Kr]4d(10)5s(2), s2- = [Ar]. (a) Te2- (b) I = (c) Fe3+ (d) v3+ (e) Ba2+ =arrow_forwardWhich of these ionization processes requires the highest amount of energy? (A) Na(g) --> Na+(g) + e–; (B) Mg(g) --> Mg+(g) + e–; (C) Al(g) --> Al+(g) + e–; (D) Ca(g) --> Ca+(g) + e–;arrow_forward6) (a) The solubility of carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) in water at 25°C is 1.2 g/L. The solubility of chloroform (CHCI3) at the same temperature is 10.1g/L. Why is chloroform almost 10 times more soluble in water than is carbon tetrachloride? (b) Explain the difference between the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom and the quantum-mechanical model. Is the Bohr model consistent with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle? (Ctrl)arrow_forward
- (a) Describe the trends of atomic size and ionization energy, respectively, in the Periodic Table: (1) from left to right across a period, and (ii) from top to bottom down a group. (b) Rank the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, and K, in increasing order of: (i) atomic size; (ii) ionization energy, and (iii) reactivity. (c) Rank the following elements: F, CI, Br and I, in increasing order of: (i) atomic size; (ii) electron affinity, (iii) electronegativity, and (iv) reactivity.arrow_forwardParticles called muons exist in cosmic rays and can be created in particle accelerators. Muons are very similar to electrons, having the same charge and spin, but they have a mass 207 times greater. When muons arecaptured by an atom, they orbit just like an electron but with a smaller radius, since the mass in aB =0.529x 10-10 m is 207 me .(a) Calculate the radius of the n=1 orbit for a muon in a uranium ion( Z=92).(b) Compare this with the 7.5-fm radius of a uranium nucleus. Note that since the muon orbits inside the electron, it falls into a hydrogen-like orbit. Since your answer is less than the radius of the nucleus, you can seethat the photons emitted as the muon falls into its lowest orbit can give information about the nucleus.arrow_forwardla) For each of the following pairs indicate which element you would expect to have the larger First Ionization Energy and which one would have the larger radius: (a) Ca and Cl; (b) Sn and Tl; (c) Ba and Bi (d) Fr and Cs b) For each pair indicate which Ion you would expect to have the largest Radius: (a) 0²- and O; (b) N³ and Mg²+ (c) Al3* and Al ne Elearrow_forward
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