1. Use the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemical reaction , with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 8.L2, Problem 1CT

1. Use the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemical reaction, with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The energetics of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. To position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Introduction:

Enzymes are remarkable example of protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Explanation of Solution

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction. Because of the free energy inherent in molecules, a reaction could occur spontaneously at some point even without an enzyme but at a very slow rate.

Energitics of a chemical reaction with an enzyme:

Foundations in Microbiology, Chapter 8.L2, Problem 1CT , additional homework tip 1

Energitics of a chemical reaction without an enzyme:

Foundations in Microbiology, Chapter 8.L2, Problem 1CT , additional homework tip 2

Conclusion

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

2. Drug quantification from plasma is commonly performed by using techniques such as HPLC or LC/MS. However, these methods do have limitations, and investigators may choose to use a radiolabeled analog of a drug instead. Radioligands are molecules that contain radioactive isotopes, commonly 3H or 14C. This technique allows investigators to quantify drug concentration from radiation measurements. The following measurements were made in 250 g rats following oral administration of 18.2 µCi of a 14C-labeled drug of interest: Time (min) Plasma Radiation Levels (µCi/L) 0 0.0 2 9.7 4 19.2 7 25.3 9 37.8 12 39.6 14 45.8 17 48.8 20 52.0 25 56.4 30 59.2 35 60.1 40 61.1 45 62.1 50 62.8 60 63.1 70 62.1 80 60.1 90 57.3 100 55.5 110 53.7 120 52.2 150 48.0 180 45.0 240 39.0 Note that a µCi is a measure of the amount of radioactivity and hence is a measure of the amount of drug present. Given that the oral bioavailability of this drug is known to be essentially 100%, estimate the following from this…

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 8.L2, Problem 1CT

1. Use the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemical reaction, with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The energetics of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. To position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Introduction:

Enzymes are remarkable example of protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Explanation of Solution

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction. Because of the free energy inherent in molecules, a reaction could occur spontaneously at some point even without an enzyme but at a very slow rate.

Energitics of a chemical reaction with an enzyme:

Energitics of a chemical reaction without an enzyme:

Conclusion

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 8.L2, Problem 1CT

1. Use the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemical reaction, with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The energetics of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. To position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Introduction:

Enzymes are remarkable example of protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Explanation of Solution

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction. Because of the free energy inherent in molecules, a reaction could occur spontaneously at some point even without an enzyme but at a very slow rate.

Energitics of a chemical reaction with an enzyme:

Energitics of a chemical reaction without an enzyme:

Conclusion

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 8.L2, Problem 1CT

1. Use the following graph to diagram the energetics of a chemical reaction, with and without an enzyme. Be sure to position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The energetics of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. To position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Introduction:

Enzymes are remarkable example of protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Explanation of Solution

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction. Because of the free energy inherent in molecules, a reaction could occur spontaneously at some point even without an enzyme but at a very slow rate.

Energitics of a chemical reaction with an enzyme:

Energitics of a chemical reaction without an enzyme:

Conclusion

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The energetics of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. To position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Introduction:

Enzymes are remarkable example of protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Explanation of Solution

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction. Because of the free energy inherent in molecules, a reaction could occur spontaneously at some point even without an enzyme but at a very slow rate.

Energitics of a chemical reaction with an enzyme:

Energitics of a chemical reaction without an enzyme:

Conclusion

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The energetics of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. To position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Introduction:

Enzymes are remarkable example of protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Explanation of Solution

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction. Because of the free energy inherent in molecules, a reaction could occur spontaneously at some point even without an enzyme but at a very slow rate.

Energitics of a chemical reaction with an enzyme:

Energitics of a chemical reaction without an enzyme:

Conclusion

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The energetics of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. To position reactants and products at appropriate points and to indicate the stages in the reaction and the energy levels.

Introduction:

Enzymes are remarkable example of protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction. Because of the free energy inherent in molecules, a reaction could occur spontaneously at some point even without an enzyme but at a very slow rate.

Energitics of a chemical reaction with an enzyme:

Energitics of a chemical reaction without an enzyme: