Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781305104136
Author: Frederick J Gravetter, Lori-Ann B. Forzano
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 8E
Explain how holding a participant variable such as gender constant prevents the variable from becoming a confounding variable and can help reduce the variance within treatments.
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What is a confounding variable in research, and how can it affect the results of a study? Provide an example of a confounding variable in a hypothetical study.
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The variable personal desire for aggressive treatment is?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 8.1 - Describe, compare, and contrast the defining...Ch. 8.1 - Explain the general advantages and disadvantages...Ch. 8.2 - Define individual differences and explain how...Ch. 8.3 - Identify the three primary techniques for limiting...Ch. 8.4 - Describe how individual differences influence...Ch. 8.4 - Identify the options for reducing or controlling...Ch. 8.5 - Describe how differential attrition and...Ch. 8.6 - Describe how between-subjects designs are used to...Ch. 8 - In addition to the key words, you should also be...Ch. 8 - Identify the basic features of a between-subjects...
Ch. 8 - In a between-subjects design, each individual...Ch. 8 - Briefly explain how a participant characteristic,...Ch. 8 - Briefly explain how random assignment attempts to...Ch. 8 - Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using...Ch. 8 - Briefly explain why large variance within...Ch. 8 - Explain how holding a participant variable such as...Ch. 8 - Explain how holding a participant variable such as...Ch. 8 - Describe some of the problems that can arise when...Ch. 8 - Describe the advantages of a two-group design...Ch. 8 - A researcher has a sample of 30 rats that are all...Ch. 8 - A recent survey at a major corporation found that...
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- Agricultural researchers are investigating whether a new form of pesticide will lead to lower levels of insect damage to crops than traditional pesticides. Is lower levels of insect damage to crops the explanatory variable or the response variable? Explanatory variable Response variable Not enough information to determinearrow_forwardA criminologist studied fear of crime, age, and gender of people who were present for Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. The dependent variable in this study isarrow_forwardIs there a difference in the level of parenting stress with one child compared to two or more children? What is the independent variable and dependent variable in this question?arrow_forward
- Omitting a variable from our model that has a causal effect on our dependent variable always leads to omitted variable bias. a. False b. Truearrow_forwardAside from looking at how high or how low the class standings are, Prof. Juan is also interested in knowing if student performance varies significantly. This is not necessarily a bad indicator. In fact, variation in student performance may reflect the discriminatory ability of course assessments. In the past (face-to-face set-up), it is common to encounter some extreme class standings and disparities in the scores. Prof. Juan thinks this is not the case now and that the variance of class standings is less than the usual, 100 squared points. Recall from No. 1 that normality assumption on class standings was satisfied. Using the chi-squared test for variance with a p-value equal to 2.095e-12, it can be said that there is ________ evidence that the variance of class standings is ______ 100 squared points. This may indicate the_________discriminatory power of the assessments in Prof. Juan’s course materials.arrow_forwardAside from looking at how high or how low the class standings are, Prof. Juan is also interested in knowing if student performance varies significantly. This is not necessarily a bad indicator. In fact, variation in student performance may reflect the discriminatory ability of course assessments. In the past (face-to-face set-up), it is common to encounter some extreme class standings and disparities in the scores. Prof. Juan thinks this is not the case now and that the variance of class standings is less than the usual, 100 squared points. Below is the R Commander output to help clarify Prof. Juan's hypothesis. R COMMANDER OUTPUT One sample Chi-squared test for variance data: CLASS STDG X-squared = alternative hypothesis: true variance is less than 100 7.7585, df = 49, p-value = 2.095e-12arrow_forward
- If only the median or mean incomes of the employees in a company are only reported, two companies could have the same median or mean income but very different levels of variability. Company A has several employees that make about the same amount- $1 to $3 above minimum wage. Company B has many employees who make minimum wage and several managers who are very highly paid. Checking some measure of variability, which company shows low variability in their salaries?arrow_forwardThe Equal Opportunity Commission is investigating questions around unequal pay rates and discriminatory remuneration in various industries. The Pay Equity tab in the excel workbook contains information on 100 employees from a particular industry. Information includes: Salary ($) Gender Years of Education Years of Experience Division of employment Age Run a multiple regression analysis looking at the relationship between salary and years of education and years of experience. What proportion of variation in salary can be explained by these two variables? Conduct a test of the overall significance of the model. Test both the Education and Experience variables separately. Do both contribute to explaining the variation in salaries? Write out the estimated equation and interpret all coefficients. Salary (in $) Education (years) Experience (years) 20860 11 4 30200 16 1 31240 12 1 36860 12 8 44760 14 4 46690 19 3 47400 15 1 47880 14 3 50620 13 6 50690 14 4…arrow_forwardA researcher is studying psychological factors in artistic achievement among teenage girls. One variable he is particularly interested in is perseverance. What information does a measure of variability for the variable perseverance convey? Check all that apply. What is the central tendency for the variable perseverance among teenage girls? What is the most common value for the variable perseverance among teenage girls? How spread out are the values for perseverance amoung teenage girls? Do all teenage girls have the same amount of perseverance?arrow_forward
- Explain why the predictor variable is useless as a predictor of the response variable if the slope of the population regression line is 0.arrow_forwardThe manager Concerned about her current customer base, manager Andersen started to think of factors that might affect the attractiveness of an auditing firm. Of course, the service quality provided and the fees charged by the auditor seem two important factors. Next, she decides that the reputation of the auditing firm also needs to be included in the framework as an independent variable. As illustrated by the dramatic effects of recent auditing scandals, reputation seems especially important for large auditors (i.e., auditing firms that are large in size). Finally, manager Andersen also thinks that the proximity of the auditing firm to the customer is another variable to be included as an independent variable. Proximity very likely affects the possibility for the client to personally meet with the auditors on a regular basis and she knows from her own contact with customers that they perceive personal interactions as quite important. Consider the above scenario shown; answer the…arrow_forwardSuppose you are conducting a study about how the average U.S. worker spends time over the course of a workday. You are interested in how much time workers spend per day on personal calls, e-mails, and social networking websites, as well as how much time they spend socializing with coworkers versus actually working. The most recent census provides data for the entire population of U.S. workers on variables such as travel time to work, time spent at work, and break time at work. The census, however, does not include data on the variables you are interested in, so you obtain a random sample of 82 full-time workers in the United States and ask about personal calls, e-mails, and so forth. You are curious about how your sample compares with the census, so you also ask the workers the same questions about work that are asked in the census. Suppose the mean break time per day from the most recent census is 29.6 minutes, with a standard deviation of 16.0 minutes. Your sample of 82 U.S. workers…arrow_forward
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