Chemistry: Principles and Practice
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780534420123
Author: Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward Mercer
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 8, Problem 8.72QE
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The ionization energy of an
Concept Introduction:
The energy that is needed to remove an electron from the isolated, neutral gaseous atom is known as ionization energy. It is represented by
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1. On the basis of electron configuration explain why:a) Sulphur has a lower electron affinity than chlorine. (2)b) Phosphorous has a higher ionization energy than sulphur.
Atoms of Group 1 elements have the lowest first ionization energy of all the elements on the periodic table but subsequently have the largest increase between the first and second ionization energy that any other elements have. Explain why this is the case, based on the electronic structure of the atoms/ions.
Briefly explain the following trends and derive a reason for the following observations:
a) ionization energy (include the definition & equation) - how does the second
ionization energy of sodium compare to the first ionization energy of magnesium? Is
it higher or lower and why?
b) electron affinity (include the definition & equation) - why is the electron affinity of
carbon larger (more negative) than that of nitrogen when oxygen and fluorine are
more negative than carbon?
c) electronegativity - why do beryllium and aluminum exhibit similar electronegativities?
The electronegativities are 1.57 (Be) and 1.61 (AI).
d) electron configurations why is the electron configuration of chromium [Ar] 3d54s¹
and not [Ar]3d¹4s²? Why is the electron configuration of ytterbium [Xe] 4f¹46s² and
not [Ar] 4f135d¹6d²?
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry: Principles and Practice
Ch. 8 - Define an isoelectronic series. Give the symbols...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.2QECh. 8 - Graph the atomic radii versus atomic number of the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.4QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.5QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.6QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.7QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.8QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.9QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.10QE
Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.11QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.12QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.13QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.14QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.15QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.16QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.17QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.18QECh. 8 - Explain why the electron affinity of lithium is...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.20QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.21QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.22QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.23QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.24QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.25QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.26QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.27QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.28QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.29QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.30QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.31QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.32QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.33QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.34QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.35QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.36QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.37QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.38QECh. 8 - Write the symbols for a cation and an anion that...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.40QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.41QECh. 8 - What neutral atoms are isoelectronic with the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.43QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.44QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.45QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.46QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.47QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.48QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.49QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.50QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.51QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.52QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.53QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.54QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.55QECh. 8 - Of the atoms with the electron configurations...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.57QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.58QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.59QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.60QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.61QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.62QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.63QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.64QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.65QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.66QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.67QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.68QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.69QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.70QECh. 8 - What is the electron configuration of the Ba3+...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.72QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.73QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.74QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.75QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.76QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.77QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.78QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.79QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.80QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.81QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.82QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.83QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.84QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.85QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.86QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.87QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.88QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.89QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.90QECh. 8 - Palladium, with an electron configuration of [Kr]...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.92QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.93QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.94QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.95QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.96QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.97QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.98QECh. 8 - Arrange the elements lithium, carbon, and oxygen...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.100QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.101QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.102QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.103QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.104QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.105QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.106QECh. 8 - Prob. 8.107QE
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Compare the elements B, Al, C, Si. (a) Which has the most metallic character? (b) Which has the largest atomic radius? (c) Arrange the three elements B, Al, and C in order of increasing first ionization energy.arrow_forwardThe energy of any one-electron species in its nth state (n=principalquantumnumber) is given by E=BZ2/ n2, where Z is the charge on the nucleus and B is 2.1801018J. Find the ionization energy of the Li2+ ion in its first excited state in kilojoules per mole.arrow_forwardConsider the eight most abundant elements in the human body, as outlined in Exercise 156. Excluding hydrogen, which of these elements would have the smallest size? largest size? smallest first ionization energy? largest first ionization energy?arrow_forward
- 2. The ionization energy of an element is defined as the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an individual atom. The following table gives the ionization energy (in units of kilojoules per mole) for five metals, listed in alphabetical order. Locate each of these metals on the periodic table and arrange them in order of rows and columns as in the periodic table. (a) Describe the periodic trend in the ionization energy of elements within a group. (b) Describe the periodic trend in the ionization energy of elements across a period. Metal Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium Strontium Ionization Energy 590 738 419 496 549 Materialsarrow_forwardExplain whether the cation formed from an atom is larger or smaller and why. Then, explain whether the anion formed from an atom is larger or smaller and why. We would predict that the alkaline earth metals would have a higher electron affinity than the alkali metals, but they do not. Why Why does beryllium have a higher ionization energy than we would predict and a lower electron affinity than we would predict?arrow_forwardPlease solve all questions, including the subparts. What trend in first ionization energy occurs as you go up a group on the periodic table? Explain why this occurs. What trend in atomic radius occurs as you go up a group on the periodic table? Explain why this occurs. Arrange the following in order of increasing electronegativity: Br, F, I, Cl Write four quantum numbers to describe the highest energy electron in the magnesium atom. Be sure to include the four symbols and four correct numbers. Arrange the following in order of increasing first ionization energy: Br, F, I, Clarrow_forward
- How to do itarrow_forwardWhat is ionization energy and what are its periodic trends? Explain. What is electron affinity and what are its periodic trends? What is an atomic radius and what are its periodic trends? Explain.arrow_forwardit is clear that the first ionization energy of He is very large. Would you expect the first ionization energy of H– (hydride ion) to be larger, smaller, or about the same as the first ionization energy of He, and why?arrow_forward
- (a) Identify the following neutral elements by their condensed electron configurations. (Enter the chemical symbol or name of the element.) (i) [Ar] 4s2 3d3 (ii) [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3 (iii) [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4arrow_forwardWhich one of the following statements is the best explanation for the increase of ionisation energy of the alkaline earth metals when going up in a group? * a) The force of attraction on valence electrons decreases. b) The value of n decreases. c) The value of the effective nuclear charge increases. d) The value of the atomic radius decreases. e) All of these statements are good explanations for the observed trend.arrow_forwardExplain why boron (B) has a higher ionization energy than fluorine (F).arrow_forward
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