Chapter 8, Problem 8.59QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether $\text{Ge}$ or $\text{Cl}$ has the higher ionization energy has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The energy that is needed to remove an electron from the isolated, neutral gaseous atom is known as ionization energy. It is represented by $I$. The energy required to remove the first electron from the neutral atom is called the first ionization energy, denoted by $I_1$. The energy required to remove the second electron from the monovalent anion is called the second ionization energy, denoted by $I_2$ and so on. Energy is always supplied to the atom so as to remove an electron from it so ionization energies have positive values.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether $\text{B}$ or $\text{F}$ has the higher ionization energy has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether ${\text{Al}}^{3+}$ or ${\text{Na}}^{+}$ has the higher ionization energy has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).