Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780321897398
Author: Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, Thomas Brock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 8, Problem 3AQ
Under some conditions, it is possible to obtain
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Under some conditions, it is possible to obtain nucleicacid–free protein coats (capsids) of certain viruses. Under theelectron microscope, these capsids look very similar tocomplete virions. What does this tell you about the role ofthe virus nucleic acid in the virus assembly process? Wouldyou expect such particles to be infectious?
Assume you isolate a single stranded (+) RNA virus. When you examine the proteins in the virus, you find that it does NOT contain replicase enzymes within its capsid. Which of the following is true?
This virus must have a gene that encodes replicase.
This virus will not be able to enter a host cell.
Its genome cannot be translated (the process of translation) by the host cell ribosomes.
A DNA copy of the viral genome has to be made before viral genes are expressed.
This virus must lack surface antigens.
After a positive strand RNA virus ( Such as Coronaviruses) enters the host cell, the RNA is translated by ribosomes to create proteins associated with the virus (Such as, for example, the surface antigens like E and Spike proteins). How then, would the genetic material itself be replicated to be incorporated into the new viruses?.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Ch. 8.1 - How does a virus differ from a cell?Ch. 8.1 - Why does a virus need a host cell?Ch. 8.1 - Compared with cells, what is unusual about viral...Ch. 8.2 - Distinguish between a capsid and a capsomere. What...Ch. 8.2 - What is the difference between a naked virus and...Ch. 8.2 - What kinds of enzymes can be found within the...Ch. 8.3 - What is packaged into capsids during maturation?Ch. 8.3 - Explain the term burst size.Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 8.4 - What is meant by a viral titer?
Ch. 8.4 - What is a plaque-forming unit?Ch. 8.4 - What is meant by the term plating efficiency?Ch. 8.5 - How does attachment contribute to virushost...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 8.5 - What part of phage T4 enters the host cytoplasm?
Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 8.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 8.6 - Prob. 3MQCh. 8.7 - Give one example each of T4 early, middle, and...Ch. 8.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 8.7 - What is required to package the T4 genome into its...Ch. 8.8 - What is a lysogen and what is a prophage?Ch. 8.8 - How does DNA replication in lambda differ from...Ch. 8.8 - What commits lambda to the lytic versus the...Ch. 8.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 8.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 8.9 - Prob. 3MQCh. 8.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 8.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 8.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 8.11 - What type of bacteriophages are most common in the...Ch. 8.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 8.11 - Prob. 3MQCh. 8 - Prob. 1RQCh. 8 - Prob. 2RQCh. 8 - Prob. 3RQCh. 8 - Why does a one-step growth curve differ in shape...Ch. 8 - Describe the events that occur on an agar plate...Ch. 8 - Prob. 6RQCh. 8 - What is required for a bacteriophage T4 virion to...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8RQCh. 8 - Prob. 9RQCh. 8 - Bacteriophage T4 lacks its own RNA polymerase. How...Ch. 8 - Prob. 11RQCh. 8 - Prob. 12RQCh. 8 - Prob. 13RQCh. 8 - Prob. 14RQCh. 8 - Why can it be said that the retrovirus genome is...Ch. 8 - Prob. 16RQCh. 8 - Prob. 17RQCh. 8 - What causes the viral plaques that appear on a...Ch. 8 - The promoters on genes encoding early proteins in...Ch. 8 - Under some conditions, it is possible to obtain...Ch. 8 - Prob. 4AQ
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- Viruses are host-specific, meaning they can only infect specific types of host organisms. For examble, the adenovirus is responsible for the common cold in humans but your dog can't catch a cold from you. Why is this? The proteins on the virus surface can only bind with proteins on the correct host surface. It is an enveloped or non-enveloped virus. The enzymes carried by the virus are compatible with the host. The genome of the virus is made of DNA or RNA.arrow_forwardViruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.). They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight): Chemical components Nucleosides Amino acids Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates Percentage by weight 20 30 50 Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio): Nucleosides A G T C U Percentage by mole 19 29 19 29 4 Researchers determined that the lipids found in the virus form a bilayer membrane surrounding the virus, and are obtained from the membrane of the host cell during virus maturation and exit from host cell. Further…arrow_forwardA particular animal virus requires the use of DNA polymerase from its host, since it does not possess its own DNA polymerase enzyme. Which of the following assumptions in A-D would likely be correct regarding this virus? A) O This virus could not be a retrovirus type. B) OIt could be a (-) ss RNA virus. C) O It could be a (+) ss RNA virus. D) O The vVirus life cycle very likely includes going to the host cell nucleus. E) O All ofA-D are correct assumptions.arrow_forward
- How many protein subunits would be present in a complex icosahedral virus particle with a triangulation (T) number of 8?arrow_forwardA viral protein has a 20 amino acid amino acid chain consisting of the following primary structure: A-G-L-F-A-F-P-P-W-G-G-V-C-M-G-L-G-A-M-C In what places could these amino acids be found? a) Inside the hydrophobic core of a protein b) In a membrane that encloses the virus c) On the outside of a protein d) In a virus nail on the surface of the virusarrow_forwardIf a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins) during processing in the Golgi apparatus, which of the following processes is most likely to occur? O A. Viruses released by that host cell would have a decreased ability to infect cells than the virus that originally infected the cell. B. The virus-encoded protease would be unable to cleave large viral proteins into smaller, functional polypeptides. OC. The virus would be unable to replicate within the host cell. D. Viruses released by that cell are novel and would result in infections with higher mortality rates.arrow_forward
- You are studying RNA viruses and have discovered one that grows well in a culture of eukaryotic cells. You know that the virus is a single-stranded RNA virus, but you don't know if it is positive or negative stranded. Your lab-mate says, "Well, just treat your cell culture with cyclohexamide and see if the virus replicates its genome." You know that cyclohexamide inhibits protein elongation by binding to eukaryotic ribosomes. What is the basis of your lab-mate's suggestion?arrow_forwardThe dUTPase enzyme is used by the African swine fever virus to repair its own DNA, as the cells the virus infects in swine do not express the dUTPase protein. Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for the role of the dUTPase in the virus lifecycle? Explain your choice in 25 words or less. The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uracil should not be present in DNA The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine cannot correctly base pair with adenine-containing bases The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine has the wrong sugar component for building DNA More than one of the above answers is correct None of the above answers is correctarrow_forwardSome retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.arrow_forward
- The genetic material of virus includes(a) only RNA.(b) only DNA.(c) RNA and DNA both(d) RNA or DNA , i.e., one nucleic acid in a virus. Please try to break the solutions into as many steps as practically possible and the steps should come one by one and they should be short and crisp and plagiarism-free.arrow_forwardA virus has a double-stranded RNA genome that has 2400 base-pairs. Of these, 35 % are G:C base-pairs. How many uracil nucleotides would be present in this virus?arrow_forwardViruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.), which are synthesized through enzymatic dehydration reactions from building blocks and disassembled by enzymatic hydrolysis. They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight): Chemical components Nucleosides Amino acids Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates Percentage by weight 20 30 50 Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio): Nucleosides A G T C U Percentage by mole 19 29 19 29 4 Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects…arrow_forward
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