Biology Now (Second Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780393631807
Author: Anne Houtman, Megan Scudellari, Cindy Malone
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 8, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
The human genome contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) and they carry the genetic information. The 22 pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes, each pair in the autosomes carries the same genes or genetic information except the sex chromosomes, such as X and Y chromosomes. The X and Y chromosomes are involved in the determination of sexual characteristics in human beings.
Expert Solution & Answer
Answer to Problem 1TQ
Two homologous chromosomes contain the same genes found at the same loci but may have the same or different copies of alleles.
Explanation of Solution
Chromosomes: The double helical DNA molecule is wrapped around histone proteins and the structure is known as a chromosome. Chromosomes contain genes and they carry genetic information. There are 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes present in humans. Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes and they are found to be similar based on their size, gene position and content, physical character, pattern, and centromere location. The offspring receives one chromosome from the mother and other from the father.
Genes: Genes are considered as a basic unit of the genetic information or heredity. The gene is composed of DNA sequence and that code for specific genetic characteristic. The size of genes differs from a few hundred to two million bases.
Loci: The physical location of genes on the chromosome is known as loci (singular: “locus”). Homologous chromosomes contain a similar kind of genes in their corresponding loci.
Alleles: Alleles are different versions of a gene. In the diploid cell, two different alleles of a gene can be available in a given locus on the pair of homologous chromosomes.
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Question #3:
In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would
transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming
there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are
inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if:
a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non-
apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic
and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female
first (left side) in the parental cross.
b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non-
apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic
and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female
first (left side) in the…
Question #5:
Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The
genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative
apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C.
At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype.
A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually
reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic
ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following
temperatures*:
a) 15°C?
b) 25°C?
*for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the
female first (left side) in the cross.
Type your answer here:
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