BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781265202859
Author: BROOKER
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Chapter 7.6, Problem 3EQ
Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the rotations seen by researchers in the data of Figure 7.13 are in the same direction as they are expected to occur in mitochondria during ATP synthesis and the reason for it.

Introduction: ATP synthase was visualized by Yoshida and Kinosita to prove the hypothesis that ATP synthase is a rotary machine. One γ, three β and three α subunits are present in an ATP synthase molecule. In the experiment, γ subunit was made to rotate by adding ATP.

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Biochemists working with isolated mitochondria recognize five energy“states” of mitochondria, depending on the presence or absence of essential substrates for respiration—O2, ADP, oxidizable substrates, and so forth. The characteristics of each state are:state 1: mitochondria alone (in buffer containing Pi)state 2: mitochondria + substrate, but respiration low due to lack of ADPstate 3: mitochondria + substrate + limited amount of ADP, allowingrapid respirationstate 4: mitochondria + substrate, but all ADP converted to ATP, sorespiration slowsstate 5: mitochondria + substrate + ADP, but all O2 used up (anoxia),so respiration stops(a) On the graph, identify the state that might predominate in each stage of the trace indicated with a letter. (b) To determine whether isolated mitochondria exhibit respiratory control,one determines the ratio of rates of oxygen uptake in two different states.Which states?(c) Which state probably predominates in vivo in skeletal muscle fatiguedfrom a long…
.Wheeler and Mathews (J. Biol. Chem. 286:16992–16996, 2011) reported the concentrations of adenine nucleotides in rat liver mitochondria as fol- lows: ATP, 5.5 mM; ADP, 5.1 mM; AMP, 1.8 mM. (a) Calculate the adenylate energy charge within the mitochondrion [ATP] + 0.5[ADP] (adenylate energy charge [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMPJ' (b) Most measurements of adenylate energy charge in whole cells or cytosol give values close to 0.9. Speculate on reasons why it might be advantageous for mitochondria to have an ADP concentration almost as high as that of ATP. (c) succinyl-CoA + ADP + P¡ = -2.9 kJ/mol If [P;] within the mitochondrion is 0.05 M and succinate and succinyl- CoA are present at equimolar concentrations, what is the maximum succinate + ATP + CoA-SH AG°' mitochondrial concentration of CoA-SH at which the reaction can be exergonic?
There is no bioavailable glucose or carbohydrates on Kepler-28d. Given the harsh conditions on Kepler-28d, describe how your cell will respire to generate ATP. In your answer, ensure that you include the essential organelles required for respiration and the relevant inputs and outputs of each organelle in the respiration pathway. (200 words maximum) what about chemosynthesis can that be used or no?
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GCSE Chemistry - Acids and Bases #34; Author: Cognito;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt8fB3MFzLk;License: Standard youtube license