BIOLOGY
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781265202859
Author: BROOKER
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Chapter 7.6, Problem 3EQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: Whether the rotations seen by researchers in the data of Figure 7.13 are in the same direction as they are expected to occur in mitochondria during ATP synthesis and the reason for it.
Introduction: ATP synthase was visualized by Yoshida and Kinosita to prove the hypothesis that ATP synthase is a rotary machine. One γ, three β and three α subunits are present in an ATP synthase molecule. In the experiment, γ subunit was made to rotate by adding ATP.
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Biochemists working with isolated mitochondria recognize five energy“states” of mitochondria, depending on the presence or absence of essential substrates for respiration—O2, ADP, oxidizable substrates, and so forth. The characteristics of each state are:state 1: mitochondria alone (in buffer containing Pi)state 2: mitochondria + substrate, but respiration low due to lack of ADPstate 3: mitochondria + substrate + limited amount of ADP, allowingrapid respirationstate 4: mitochondria + substrate, but all ADP converted to ATP, sorespiration slowsstate 5: mitochondria + substrate + ADP, but all O2 used up (anoxia),so respiration stops(a) On the graph, identify the state that might predominate in each stage of the trace indicated with a letter. (b) To determine whether isolated mitochondria exhibit respiratory control,one determines the ratio of rates of oxygen uptake in two different states.Which states?(c) Which state probably predominates in vivo in skeletal muscle fatiguedfrom a long…
.Wheeler and Mathews (J. Biol. Chem. 286:16992–16996, 2011) reported
the concentrations of adenine nucleotides in rat liver mitochondria as fol-
lows: ATP, 5.5 mM; ADP, 5.1 mM; AMP, 1.8 mM.
(a) Calculate the adenylate energy charge within the mitochondrion
[ATP] + 0.5[ADP]
(adenylate energy charge
[ATP] + [ADP] + [AMPJ'
(b) Most measurements of adenylate energy charge in whole cells or
cytosol give values close to 0.9. Speculate on reasons why it might be
advantageous for mitochondria to have an ADP concentration almost as
high as that of ATP.
(c) succinyl-CoA + ADP + P¡
= -2.9 kJ/mol
If [P;] within the mitochondrion is 0.05 M and succinate and succinyl-
CoA are present at equimolar concentrations, what is the maximum
succinate + ATP + CoA-SH AG°'
mitochondrial concentration of CoA-SH at which the reaction can be
exergonic?
There is no bioavailable glucose or carbohydrates on Kepler-28d. Given the harsh conditions on Kepler-28d, describe how your cell will respire to generate ATP. In your answer, ensure that you include the essential organelles required for respiration and the relevant inputs and outputs of each organelle in the respiration pathway. (200 words maximum) what about chemosynthesis can that be used or no?
Chapter 7 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 7.2 - Core Skill: Connections Look ahead to Table 45.1....Ch. 7.2 - Which organic molecules donate a phosphate group...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 2CSCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.5 - Explain the meaning of the name cytochrome...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.6 - Prob. 1CSCh. 7.6 - Prob. 1EQCh. 7.6 - CoreSKILL In the experiment of Figure 7.13, what...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 3EQ
Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7 - Which of the following pathways occurs in the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2TYCh. 7 - Prob. 3TYCh. 7 - Which organic molecule supplies a two-carbon group...Ch. 7 - The ability to diagnose tumors using...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6TYCh. 7 - Certain drugs, which are called ionophores, cause...Ch. 7 - Prob. 8TYCh. 7 - Prob. 9TYCh. 7 - Prob. 10TYCh. 7 - Prob. 1CQCh. 7 - What causes the rotation of the subunit of ATP...Ch. 7 - Core Concept: Energy and Matter How is glucose...Ch. 7 - Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2COQ
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- You are isolating mitochondria from insect cells and incubating in a test tube with 0.005 M FADH2, 0.05 M ADP and 0.05 M Pi. Assuming, these 3 can enter mitochondria at no cost,no glucose/products of glucose metabolism remain in the isolated mitochondria, and oxygen is present. Part 1) If all expected reactions go to completion, how much ATP is expected formed? (0 M)(0.02 M) (0.03 M) (0.05 M) (0.1 M) (0.005 M) (0.01 M) (0.015 M) Part 2) The ratio of FADH2/FAD at completion of all expected reactions would be? (2) (>>2) (0) (1) Part 3) After completion of all expected reactions, ratio of H ion concentration inside vs. outside the mitochondrial inner membrane should be? (<1) (~1) (>1)(0) Please provide brief explanationarrow_forward12. Use Figure 4 for questions a-c below. 114 ATP synthase matrix intermembrane space Figure 4: Sketch of a mitochondrion https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Schema mitochondrion basic.svg Bionet, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons a. Add to the sketch to show a H* concentration gradient in an active mitochondrion. (Sketch more H* in the appropriate space. Sketch less H* in the appropriate space.) 4+ b. Sketch an arrow to represent the direction that protons flow (via diffusion) through ATP synthase. c. If the concentration of protons was equal on each side of the membrane, how would that affect the flow of protons through ATP synthase? How would that affect ATP production from glucose?arrow_forward1- in comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration , something that is always different between the two processes is (a)the type of terminal electron acceptor used (b) the type of sugar that is used to start the process (c) whether chromosoms is used or not (d) the location where they occure in the cell (e) the type of glycolysis used 2- Which of the following is not a mechanism that bacteria use to exhibit resistence to antibiotices . (a) expressing membrane efflux pumps that remove the antibiotic from the bacterial cell (b)secreting protiens that can bind to antibiotics and disable them before they enter the cell (c)creating exclusion barrierrs that prevent the antibiotic from the entering the cell (d)changing bacterial targets (e)producing enzymes that destroy the antibiotic please give answer for both questions asap pleasearrow_forward
- urgenttttttarrow_forwardFocusing on the mechanism linking complex I and ATP synthase depicted in figure 3 in the article, compare that hypothetical mechanism to the classical presentation described in our textbook. What are the major differences between this mechanism and Peter Mitchel’s original chemiosmotic theory? What are the similarities.arrow_forwardC I B TT -0 E Process C is called [Select] occurs in the [Select] molecules A, B and [Select] [Select] A B m Molecule A is a small electron carrier that can easily move around the water based solutions via diffusion. The main carrier used in this system is called [Select] F B when it is oxidized. and It produces but noarrow_forward
- k Please anser both of you Plase don't provide handwritten solutionarrow_forwardSolve the following problems using the basic assumptions: 1 NADH --> 2.5 ATP; 1 FADH2 --> 1.5 ATP Complete degradation of glucose will yield -686 kcal/mol. However, computing the energy yield from 32 ATPs at -7.3 kcal/mole each will only yield -233.6 kcal/mole. What is the percentage yield by the cell? Answer must be whole number.arrow_forwardSuppose the concentration of glucose inside a cell is 0.1 mM and the cell issuspended in a glucose solution of 0.01 mM.(a) What would be the free energy change, in kJ/mol, for the transport ofglucose from the medium into the cell? Assume T = 37 °C.(b) What would be the free energy change, in kJ/mol, for the transport ofglucose from the medium into the cell if the intracellular and extracellularconcentrations were 1 mM and 10 mM, respectively?(c) If the processes described in parts (a) and (b) were coupled toATP hydrolysis, how many moles of ATP would have to be hydrolysed,per mole of glucose transported, in order to make each process favorable? (Use the standard free energy change for ATP hydrolysis.)arrow_forward
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