The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D − glucose has to be stated. Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Question

Gramicidin A can adopt more than one structure; NMR spectroscopy has revealed an “end-to-end” dimer form, and x-ray crystallography has revealed an “anti-parallel double- helical” form. Briefly outline and describe an experimentalapproach/strategy to investigate WHICH configuration (“end-to-end dimer” vs “anti-paralleldouble helical”) gramicidin adopts in an actual lipid bilayer.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−glucose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−galactose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−fructose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−ribose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

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Gramicidin A can adopt more than one structure; NMR spectroscopy has revealed an “end-to-end” dimer form, and x-ray crystallography has revealed an “anti-parallel double- helical” form. Briefly outline and describe an experimentalapproach/strategy to investigate WHICH configuration (“end-to-end dimer” vs “anti-paralleldouble helical”) gramicidin adopts in an actual lipid bilayer.

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CHEM2323 Problem 2-24 Tt O e: ל Predict the product(s) of the following acid/base reactions. Draw curved arrows to show the formation and breaking of bonds. If the bonds needed are not drawn out, you should redraw them. + BF3 (a) (b) HI + (c) OH -BF Problem 2-25 Use curved arrows and a proton (H+) to draw the protonated form of the following Lewis bases. Before starting, add all missing lone pairs. (a) (b) :0: (c) N 1 CHEM2323 PS CH02 Name:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−glucose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−galactose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−fructose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−ribose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−glucose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−galactose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−fructose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−ribose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−glucose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−galactose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−fructose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−ribose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 7.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−glucose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−galactose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−fructose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−ribose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 7.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−glucose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 7.69EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−glucose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−galactose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−galactose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−fructose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−fructose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−ribose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of carbon atoms that end up outside the ring in the cyclization of the open-chain form of D−ribose has to be stated.

Concept introduction: Open chain structures of monosaccharides which contain five or more carbon atoms exist in equilibrium with two cyclic structures. These cyclic structures are the dominating forms at equilibrium. The carbonyl group in the open-chain structure of monosaccharide reacts intramolecularly with a hydroxyl group which results in the formation of cyclic forms. These cyclic compounds are called cyclic hemiacetals.

Answer 14

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Ch. 7.1 - In terms of mass percent, which of the following...Ch. 7.1 - Which of the following is the most abundant type...Ch. 7.2 - Which of the following statements concerning the...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 7.3 - Which of the following is not a possible value for...Ch. 7.3 - The complete hydrolysis of a polysaccharide...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 2QQ

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