Chapter 7, Problem 7.62QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization:

The concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals.

There are few steps to determine hybridization of an atom in a molecule.

• Count the number of atoms connected to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Count the number of lone pairs attached to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Sum these two numbers together to get final answer.
• If it is 4, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.
• If it is 3, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.
• If it is 2, the atom present in $\text{sp}$ hybridization.
• If it is 1, probably hydrogen.

Read the problem and record the given values.

the total number of carbon atoms is 2.

Answer to Problem 7.62QP

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules:

1. (a) ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C-CH}}_{\text{3}}$ = ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^{\text{3}}$

Explanation of Solution

The given molecular formulas were recorded as shown above.

To calculate hybridization of ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C-CH}}_{\text{3}}$:

${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C}}^{\text{1}}{\text{-C}}^{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}$

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 3

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 1

${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ hybridization      $3+1=4$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.

Similarly ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ is calculated and its hybridization is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$.

By calculating number of connected atoms and number of lone pairs and after adding together we can get given compounds hybridization as ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^{\text{3}}$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization:

The concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals.

There are few steps to determine hybridization of an atom in a molecule.

• Count the number of atoms connected to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Count the number of lone pairs attached to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Sum these two numbers together to get final answer.
• If it is 4, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.
• If it is 3, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.
• If it is 2, the atom present in $\text{sp}$ hybridization.
• If it is 1, probably hydrogen.

Read the problem and record the given values.

${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C-CH=CH}}_{\text{2}}$ the total number of carbon atoms is 3

Answer to Problem 7.62QP

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules:

${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C-CH=CH}}_{\text{2}}$ = ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^2{\text{, sp}}^2$

Explanation of Solution

The given molecular formulas were recorded as shown above.

To calculate hybridization of ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C-CH=CH}}_{\text{2}}$:

${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C}}^{\text{1}}{\text{-C}}^{\text{2}}{\text{H=C}}^{\text{3}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 3

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 1

${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ hybridization      $3+1=4$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 1

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 2

${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ hybridization      $1+2=3$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^3$ = 2

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^3$ = 1

${\text{C}}^3$ hybridization      $2+1=3$ So, ${\text{C}}^3$ in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.

By calculating number of connected atoms and number of lone pairs and after adding together we can get given compounds hybridization as ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^2{\text{, sp}}^2$.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization:

The concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals.

There are few steps to determine hybridization of an atom in a molecule.

• Count the number of atoms connected to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Count the number of lone pairs attached to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Sum these two numbers together to get final answer.
• If it is 4, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.
• If it is 3, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.
• If it is 2, the atom present in $\text{sp}$ hybridization.
• If it is 1, probably hydrogen.

Read the problem and record the given values.

${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}\text{C-C}\equiv {\text{C-CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$ the total number of carbon atoms is 4

Answer to Problem 7.62QP

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules:

${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}\text{C-C}\equiv {\text{C-CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$ = ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp, sp, sp}}^{\text{3}}$

Explanation of Solution

The given molecular formulas were recorded as shown above.

To calculate hybridization of ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}\text{C-C}\equiv {\text{C-CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$:

${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C}}^{\text{1}}{\text{-C}}^{\text{2}}\equiv {\text{C}}^{\text{3}}{\text{-C}}^{\text{4}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 3

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 1

${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ hybridization      $3+1=4$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 0

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 2

${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ hybridization      $0+2=2$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ in $\text{sp}$ hybridization.

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^3$ = 2

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^3$ = 1

${\text{C}}^3$ hybridization      $0+2=2$ So, ${\text{C}}^3$ in $\text{sp}$ hybridization.

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^4$ = 3

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^4$ = 1

${\text{C}}^4$ hybridization      $3+1=4$ So, ${\text{C}}^4$ in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.

By calculating number of connected atoms and number of lone pairs and after adding together we can get given compounds hybridization as ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp, sp, sp}}^{\text{3}}$.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization:

The concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals.

There are few steps to determine hybridization of an atom in a molecule.

• Count the number of atoms connected to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Count the number of lone pairs attached to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Sum these two numbers together to get final answer.
• If it is 4, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.
• If it is 3, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.
• If it is 2, the atom present in $\text{sp}$ hybridization.
• If it is 1, probably hydrogen.

Read the problem and record the given values.

${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{-CH=O}$ the total number of carbon atoms is 2

Answer to Problem 7.62QP

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules:

${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{-CH=O}$ = ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^{\text{2}}$

Explanation of Solution

The given molecular formulas were recorded as shown above.

To calculate hybridization of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{-CH=O}$:

${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{-C}}^{\text{2}}\text{H=O}$

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 3

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 1

${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ hybridization      $3+1=4$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 2

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 1

${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ hybridization      $2+1=3$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.

By calculating number of connected atoms and number of lone pairs and after adding together we can get given compounds hybridization as ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^{\text{2}}$.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization:

The concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals.

There are few steps to determine hybridization of an atom in a molecule.

• Count the number of atoms connected to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Count the number of lone pairs attached to the atom wish to calculate hybridization.
• Sum these two numbers together to get final answer.
• If it is 4, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.
• If it is 3, the atom present in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.
• If it is 2, the atom present in $\text{sp}$ hybridization.
• If it is 1, probably hydrogen.

Read the problem and record the given values.

${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{COOH}$ the  total number of carbon atoms is 2

Answer to Problem 7.62QP

The hybridization of each carbon atom in the given molecules:

${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{COOH}$ = ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^{\text{2}}$

Explanation of Solution

The given molecular formulas were recorded as shown above.

To calculate hybridization of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{COOH}$:

${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{C}}^{\text{2}}\text{OOH}$

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 3

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ = 1

${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ hybridization      $3+1=4$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{1}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridization.

Number of atoms connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 2

Number of lone pairs connected to ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ = 1

${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ hybridization      $2+1=3$ So, ${\text{C}}^{\text{2}}$ in ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridization.

By calculating number of connected atoms and number of lone pairs and after adding together we can get given compounds hybridization as ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{, sp}}^{\text{2}}$.