(a) Interpretation: The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified. Concept introduction: An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.52P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In each of the given elementary steps, the appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrow can be drawn from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site to show the flow of electrons from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site. The first curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the negatively charged atom of the electron-rich site to the less electronegative atom of the electron-poor site. The second curved arrow is drawn from the region between the less electronegative atom and more electronegative atom towards the more electronegative atom, indicating the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The names of each elementary step are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

In the bimolecular substitution reaction SN2, electron pair from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate, to which the electron-poor atom is attached. As anion (nucleophile) forms a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the carbon atom and the electron-poor atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds takes place simultaneously.

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from the electron-poor site to the electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. :0: :0 H. 0:0 :0: :6: S: :0: Select to Edit Arrows ::0 Select to Edit Arrows H :0: H :CI: Rotation Select to Edit Arrows H. < :0: :0: :0: S:

3:48 PM Fri Apr 4 K Problem 4 of 10 Submit Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Mg. :0: Select to Add Arrows :0: :Br: Mg :0: :0: Select to Add Arrows Mg. Br: :0: 0:0- Br -190 H 0:0 Select to Add Arrows Select to Add Arrows neutralizing workup H CH3

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.52P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In each of the given elementary steps, the appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrow can be drawn from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site to show the flow of electrons from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site. The first curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the negatively charged atom of the electron-rich site to the less electronegative atom of the electron-poor site. The second curved arrow is drawn from the region between the less electronegative atom and more electronegative atom towards the more electronegative atom, indicating the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The names of each elementary step are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

In the bimolecular substitution reaction SN2, electron pair from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate, to which the electron-poor atom is attached. As anion (nucleophile) forms a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the carbon atom and the electron-poor atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds takes place simultaneously.

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from the electron-poor site to the electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.52P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In each of the given elementary steps, the appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrow can be drawn from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site to show the flow of electrons from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site. The first curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the negatively charged atom of the electron-rich site to the less electronegative atom of the electron-poor site. The second curved arrow is drawn from the region between the less electronegative atom and more electronegative atom towards the more electronegative atom, indicating the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The names of each elementary step are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

In the bimolecular substitution reaction SN2, electron pair from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate, to which the electron-poor atom is attached. As anion (nucleophile) forms a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the carbon atom and the electron-poor atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds takes place simultaneously.

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from the electron-poor site to the electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.52P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In each of the given elementary steps, the appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrow can be drawn from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site to show the flow of electrons from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site. The first curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the negatively charged atom of the electron-rich site to the less electronegative atom of the electron-poor site. The second curved arrow is drawn from the region between the less electronegative atom and more electronegative atom towards the more electronegative atom, indicating the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The names of each elementary step are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

In the bimolecular substitution reaction SN2, electron pair from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate, to which the electron-poor atom is attached. As anion (nucleophile) forms a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the carbon atom and the electron-poor atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds takes place simultaneously.

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from the electron-poor site to the electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 7.52P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In each of the given elementary steps, the appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrow can be drawn from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site to show the flow of electrons from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site. The first curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the negatively charged atom of the electron-rich site to the less electronegative atom of the electron-poor site. The second curved arrow is drawn from the region between the less electronegative atom and more electronegative atom towards the more electronegative atom, indicating the breaking of the bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The names of each elementary step are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

In the bimolecular substitution reaction SN2, electron pair from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate, to which the electron-poor atom is attached. As anion (nucleophile) forms a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the carbon atom and the electron-poor atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds takes place simultaneously.

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from the electron-poor site to the electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 7.52P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 7.52P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron-rich sites and electron-poor sites in the given elementary steps are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

An atom with partial or full negative charge is an electron-rich site whereas an atom with partial or full positive charge is an electron-poor site. In an elementary step, electrons tend to flow from an electron-rich site to an electron-poor site.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In each of the given elementary steps, the appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrow can be drawn from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site to show the flow of electrons from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site. The first curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the negatively charged atom of the electron-rich site to the less electronegative atom of the electron-poor site. The second curved arrow is drawn from the region between the less electronegative atom and more electronegative atom towards the more electronegative atom, indicating the breaking of the bond.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In each of the given elementary steps, the appropriate curved arrows are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrow can be drawn from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site to show the flow of electrons from the electron-rich site to the electron-poor site. The first curved arrow is drawn from the lone pair of the negatively charged atom of the electron-rich site to the less electronegative atom of the electron-poor site. The second curved arrow is drawn from the region between the less electronegative atom and more electronegative atom towards the more electronegative atom, indicating the breaking of the bond.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The names of each elementary step are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

In the bimolecular substitution reaction SN2, electron pair from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate, to which the electron-poor atom is attached. As anion (nucleophile) forms a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the carbon atom and the electron-poor atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds takes place simultaneously.

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from the electron-poor site to the electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The names of each elementary step are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

In the bimolecular substitution reaction SN2, electron pair from the electron-rich site approaches the carbon atom of the substrate, to which the electron-poor atom is attached. As anion (nucleophile) forms a bond with this carbon atom, the bond between the carbon atom and the electron-poor atom breaks. The making and breaking of bonds takes place simultaneously.

An elementary step in which a proton is transferred from the electron-poor site to the electron-rich site and one bond is broken and another is formed simultaneously is called the proton transfer step.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.1P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.2P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.3P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.4P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.5P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.6P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.7P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.8P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.9P Ch. 7 - Prob. 7.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that electrons flow from an electron-rich site to a negatively charged carbon atom. The curved arrow mechanism for the first and second elementary steps indicates the breaking of the bond.

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Chapter 7 Solutions