Problem 1CO: List some factors influencing the biocompatibility of materials and explain how those factors are... Problem 2CO: • use electron configurations to explain why metals tend to form cations whereas nonmetals tend to... Problem 3CO: • describe die energy changes in the formation of an ionic bond. Problem 4CO: • define electronegativity and state how electronegativity varies with position in the periodic... Problem 5CO: • identify or predict polar, nonpolar, and ionic bonds by comparing electronegativities. Problem 6CO: • write Lewis electron structures for molecules or ions. Problem 7CO: • describe chemical bonding using a model based on the overlap of atomic orbitals and recognize... Problem 8CO: • explain how hybridization reconciles observed molecular shapes with the orbital overlap model. Problem 9CO: • predict the geometry of a molecule from its, Lewis structure. Problem 10CO: • use models (real or software) to help visualize common molecular shapes. Problem 11CO: • explain the formation of multiple bonds in terms of the overlap of a combination of hybridized and... Problem 12CO: • identify sigma and pi bonds in a molecule and explain the difference between them. Problem 7.1PAE: Define the term biocompatibility. Problem 7.2PAE: List some properties associated with biomaterials used for joint replacements. Problem 7.3PAE Problem 7.4PAE Problem 7.5PAE Problem 7.6PAE Problem 7.7PAE: Why is the ion not found in nature? Problem 7.8PAE: Why do nonmetals tend to form anions rather than cations? Problem 7.9PAE Problem 7.10PAE: 7.10 Arrange the members of each of the following sets of cations in order of increasing ionic... Problem 7.11PAE: 7.11 Arrange the following sets of anions in order of increasing ionic radii. (a) Cl,P3,S2, (b)... Problem 7.12PAE: 7.12 Which pair will form a compound with the larger lattice energy: Na and F or Mg and F? Why? Problem 7.13PAE: In a lattice, a positive ion is often surrounded by eight negative ions. We might reason, therefore,... Problem 7.14PAE: Use the concept of lattice energy to rationalize why sodium fluoride dissolves in water, whereas... Problem 7.15PAE: 7.13 Figure 7-2 depicts the interactions of an ion with its first nearest neighbors, second nearest... Problem 7.16PAE: Mat type of bond is likely to form between one element with low ionization energy and another... Problem 7.17PAE: 7.14 Describe the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond. Problem 7.18PAE Problem 7.19PAE: Sketch a graph of the potential energy of two atoms as a function of the distance between them. On... Problem 7.20PAE Problem 7.21PAE: 7.17 Coulombic forces are often used to explain ionic bonding. Are coulombic forces involved in... Problem 7.22PAE: 7.18 In terms of the strengths of the covalent bonds involved, why do combustion reactions release... Problem 7.23PAE: 7.19 If the formation of chemical bonds always releases energy, why don't all elements form dozens... Problem 7.24PAE: 7.20 Draw the Lewis dot symbol for each of the following atoms, (a) boron, (b) fluorine, (c)... Problem 7.25PAE: 7.21 Theoretical models for the structure of atomic nuclei predict the existence of superheavy... Problem 7.26PAE: 7.22 Use Lewis dot symbols to explain why chlorine bonds with only one hydrogen atom. Problem 7.27PAE: 7.23 Define the term lone pair. Problem 7.28PAE: 7.24 How many electrons are shared between two atoms in (a) a single covalent bond, (b) a double... Problem 7.29PAE: 7.25 How does the bond energy of a double bond compare to that of two single bonds between the same... Problem 7.30PAE: 7.26 How is electronegativity defined? Problem 7.31PAE: 7.27 Distinguish between electron affinity and electronegativity. Problem 7.32PAE: 7.28 Certain elements in the periodic table shown in Figure 7.7 had no electronegativity value... Problem 7.33PAE: 7.29 When two atoms with different electronegativities form a covalent bond, what does the electron... Problem 7.34PAE: 7.30 The bond in HF is said to be polar, with the hydrogen carrying a partial positive charge. For... Problem 7.35PAE: 7.31 Why is a bond between two atoms with different electronegativities called a polar bond? Problem 7.36PAE Problem 7.37PAE: 7.33 In each group of three bonds, which bond is likely to be the most polar? Which will be the... Problem 7.38PAE Problem 7.39PAE Problem 7.40PAE: 7.35 Which one of the following contains botb ionic and covalent bonds? (a) BaCO3 , (b) MgCl2 , (c)... Problem 7.41PAE Problem 7.42PAE Problem 7.43PAE: 7.37 Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following molecules. (a) CO , (b) H2S , (c) SF6 , (d)... Problem 7.44PAE: 7.38 Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules or ions. (a) CS2 , (b) BF4 , (c)... Problem 7.45PAE Problem 7.46PAE: 7.40 Why is it impossible for hydrogen to be the central atom in the Lewis structure of a polyatomic... Problem 7.47PAE Problem 7.48PAE: 7.42 Draw resonance structure for (a) (b) and (c) Problem 7.49PAE Problem 7.50PAE Problem 7.51PAE Problem 7.52PAE: 7.46 Consider the nitrogen-oxygen bond lengths in NO2+ , NO2 , and NO3 . In which ion is the bond... Problem 7.53PAE: 7.47 Which of the species listed has a Lewis structure with only one lone pair of electrons? F2 ,... Problem 7.54PAE: 7.48 Identify what is incorrect in the Lewis structures shown for BBr3 and SO2 Problem 7.55PAE: 7.49 Identify what is incorrect in the Lewis structures shown for O3 and XeF4 . Problem 7.56PAE: 7.50 Chemical species are said to be isoelectronic if they have the same Lewis structure (regardless... Problem 7.57PAE: 7.51 Explain the concept of wave interference in your own words. Distinguish between constructive... Problem 7.58PAE: Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference. Problem 7.59PAE: How is the concept of orbital overlap related to the wave nature of electrons? Problem 7.60PAE: 7.52 How does orbital overlap explain the buildup of electron density between nuclei in a chemical... Problem 7.61PAE: 7.53 How do sigma and pi bonds differ? How are they similar? Problem 7.62PAE: 7.54 CO , CO2 , CH3OH , and CO32 , all contain carbon-oxygen bonds. Draw Lewis structures for these... Problem 7.63PAE: 7.55 Draw the Lewis dot structure of the following species and identify the number of pi bonds in... Problem 7.64PAE: 7.56 Draw the Lewis dot structures of the following compounds and identify the number of pi bonds in... Problem 7.65PAE: 7.57 What observation about molecules compels us to consider the hybridization of atomic orbitals? Problem 7.66PAE Problem 7.67PAE: 7.59 What type of hybrid orbital is generated by combining the valence s orbital and all three... Problem 7.68PAE: Considering only s and p atomic orbitals, list all the possible types of hybrid orbitals that can be... Problem 7.69PAE: 7.61 What hybrid orbitals would be expected for the central atom in each of the following molecules?... Problem 7.70PAE: 7.62 What type of hybridization would you expect for the carbon atom in each of the following... Problem 7.71PAE: 7.63 What physical concept forms the premise of VSEPR theory? Problem 7.72PAE: 7.64 Predict the geometry of the following species, (a) (b) (c) (d) Problem 7.73PAE Problem 7.74PAE Problem 7.75PAE Problem 7.76PAE: 7.68 Give approximate values for the indicated bond angles. (a) Cl—S—Cl in SCl2, (b) N—N—O in N2O,... Problem 7.77PAE: 7.69 Propene has the chemical formula Describe the overall shape of the molecule by considering the... Problem 7.78PAE Problem 7.79PAE: Describe what happens to the shape about the carbon atoms when a C==Cdouble bond undergoes an... Problem 7.80PAE Problem 7.81PAE Problem 7.82PAE: 7.72 How does an MSN differ from amorphous silica so that is has improved biocompatibility? Problem 7.83PAE Problem 7.84PAE Problem 7.85PAE Problem 7.86PAE Problem 7.87PAE: 7.91 A Lewis structure for the oxalate ion is shown below. (One or more other resonance forms are... Problem 7.88PAE Problem 7.89PAE: 7.93 An unknown metal M forms a chloride with the formula This chloride compound was examined and... Problem 7.90PAE Problem 7.91PAE Problem 7.92PAE: 7.96 Consider the hydrocarbons whose structures are shown below. Which of these molecules would be... Problem 7.93PAE: 7.97 Consider the structure shown below for as well as any other important resonance structures. (a)... Problem 7.94PAE Problem 7.95PAE Problem 7.96PAE Problem 7.97PAE: 7.101 Lead selenide nanocrystals may provide a breakthrough in the engineering of solar panels to be... Problem 7.98PAE Problem 7.99PAE Problem 7.100PAE: 7.104 Hydrogen azide, HN3 , is a liquid that explodes violently when subjected to shock. In the HN3... Problem 7.101PAE Problem 7.102PAE Problem 7.103PAE: 7.107 How do the Lewis symbols for C, Si, and Ge reflect the similarity in their electron... Problem 7.104PAE Problem 7.105PAE format_list_bulleted