Chapter 7, Problem 56PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction which results the product with inversed configuration with respect to the reactant.

Structure of the substrate plays major role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction. If the substrate is more substituted the rate of the reaction becomes slower. Since the mechanism of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction proceeds through backside attack on the substrate, it depends on steric factor that if more groups attached near the leaving group the reactivity becomes slower. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reactivity increases in molecule with better leaving group.

Leaving group: It is a fragment that leaves the substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: Donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Electrophile: Accepts pair of electrons from negatively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

Rate determining step: The slowest step in the chemical reaction in which the rate of the whole reaction depends.