Chapter 7, Problem 41PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reactivity for the given set of molecules towards ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves from a substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Carbocation stability order:

Resonance stabilization: Due to the delocalization of electrons within the molecule the overall energy becomes lower and makes that molecule more stable.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reactivity for the given set of molecules towards ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves from a substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Carbocation stability order:

Resonance stabilization: Due to the delocalization of electrons within the molecule the overall energy becomes lower and makes that molecule more stable.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reactivity for the given set of molecules towards ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves from a substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Carbocation stability order:

Resonance stabilization: Due to the delocalization of electrons within the molecule the overall energy becomes lower and makes that molecule more stable.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reactivity for the given set of molecules towards ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves from a substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Carbocation stability order:

Resonance stabilization: Due to the delocalization of electrons within the molecule the overall energy becomes lower and makes that molecule more stable.