Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 6.5, Problem 24CC
Summary Introduction
To match: The terms with the appropriate parts of simple neuroendocrine reflex.
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The Baroreceptor reflex illustrates very well the principles and elements of a negative feedback loop.1) What is the typical circumstance in which the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated? What is the stimulus for the reflex and the response?2a) Using the terms for a homeostatic negative feedback loop or a reflex, describe both the function AND anatomical elements serving that function for each of the following as it applies to the baroreceptor reflex known as: an effector.
2b) applied to the baroreceptor reflex known as: the integration center?
Name the nerve that carries the sensory and motor axons for this reflex arc.
A nerve conduction velocity test measures nerve conduction velocity. In this test, an electrical stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the length of time it takes for the corresponding muscle to contract is measured. Because the length of the nerve from stimulus point to muscle and the time it takes for the muscle to contract are both known, NCV can be calculated.
This test result is helpful in distinguishing between different types of pathologies. For example, a patient with muscle weakness is being tested by a physician. There are three possible sources of the weakness:
Disease of the muscle itself such as muscular dystrophy. In this condition, normal muscle tissue is replaced by adipose tissue and the muscle becomes incapable of contraction.
Disease at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) such as myasthenia gravis. This condition is described in the Skeletal Muscle Histology exercise and results from damage to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle end plate.
Disease…
Chapter 6 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 6.1 - Match the communication method on the left with...Ch. 6.1 - Which signal molecules listed in the previous...Ch. 6.1 - A cat sees a mouse and pounces on it. Do you think...Ch. 6.2 - List four components of signal pathways.Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 5CCCh. 6.2 - What are the four steps of signal transduction?Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 7CCCh. 6.2 - Prob. 8CCCh. 6.2 - Name the four categories of membrane receptors.Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 10CC
Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 11CCCh. 6.2 - Prob. 12CCCh. 6.3 - The extracellular fluid Ca2+ concentration...Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 14CCCh. 6.4 - What do receptors, enzymes, and transporters have...Ch. 6.4 - Prob. 16CCCh. 6.4 - Prob. 17CCCh. 6.5 - What is the difference between tonic control and...Ch. 6.5 - Prob. 19CCCh. 6.5 - What is the difference between local control and...Ch. 6.5 - Name the seven steps in a reflex control pathway...Ch. 6.5 - Prob. 22CCCh. 6.5 - Prob. 23CCCh. 6.5 - Prob. 24CCCh. 6 - What are the two routes for long-distance signal...Ch. 6 - Prob. 2RQCh. 6 - Prob. 3RQCh. 6 - Prob. 4RQCh. 6 - Prob. 5RQCh. 6 - An enzyme known as protein kinase adds the...Ch. 6 - Distinguish between central and peripheral...Ch. 6 - Prob. 8RQCh. 6 - Prob. 9RQCh. 6 - Prob. 10RQCh. 6 - Prob. 11RQCh. 6 - Explain the relationships of the terms in each of...Ch. 6 - List and compare the four classes of membrane...Ch. 6 - Prob. 14RQCh. 6 - Prob. 15RQCh. 6 - Prob. 16RQCh. 6 - Prob. 17RQCh. 6 - Identify the target tissue or organ for each...Ch. 6 - Now identify the integrating center for examples...Ch. 6 - In each of the following situations, identify the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 21RQCh. 6 - Prob. 22RQ
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- Use logic to determine whether each of the following reflexes is a somatic reflex or an autonomic (visceral) reflex. Hint: think about what the effector is — is it a skeletal muscle, or is it a smooth / cardiac muscle or gland? -Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex -Pupillary light reflex (autonomic/somatic) -Effectors are skeletal muscles (autonomic/somatic) -Effectors are smooth muscles or glands (autonomic/somatic) -Regulation of blood pressure (autonomic/somatic) -Salivary reflex (autonomic/somatic)arrow_forwardTrace the reflex arc, naming efferent and afferent nerves, receptors, effectors, and integration centers, for the following reflexes: alcaneal tendon reflexarrow_forwardMuscle fatigue has been suggested as one factor that can increase the chances of non-contact sports injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Notably, some researchers have noted a delay in the reflex response after muscle fatigue. With your understanding of the stretch reflex, which of the following is the most logical contributing factor to the injury? a. the distraction of the game causes inhibitory impulses to be sent down from the somatosensory cortex, so muscles are not operating at full capacity b. the proprioceptors adapt and become less sensitive c. there is an increase in time to muscle contraction after triggering a reflexarrow_forward
- 2) The correct order of a reflex arc is: a) sensory neuron, sensory receptor, interneuron, motor neuron, effector b) sensory neuron, sensory receptor, interneuron, effector, motor neuron c) sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector d) sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, effector, motor neuronarrow_forwardDescribe the structure and function of a simple reflex arc in humans. Include a description of the types of neurons and a discussion of the mechanism of the transmission of a nerve impulse.arrow_forwardWhat are all the five reflex arc components for the Ciliospinal Reflex? What is the receptor, the type of the receptor, its location for this reflex? What sensory neuron takes the information to the control center? Is the control center in brain or in the spinal cord? What motor neuron is involved in this reflex? What is the effector for this reflex?arrow_forward
- A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.arrow_forwardFor each of the following statements about the sympathetic nervous system, state whether it is true or false. Postganglionic neurons can stimulate the heart [Select] Preganglionic nerve fibers originate from the brainstem or from the sacral part of the spinal cord [Select] Preganglionic fibers are relatively long [Select] Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine [Select] Postganglionic neurons can stimulate skeletal muscle [Select] Postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine [Select]arrow_forwardAutnomic nervous system use arrows to show whether parasympathetic (p) or syspathic (s) fibers stimulate or inhibit or a dash for no parasympathetic interaction for each of the following construction of blood vessels of skin and abdominal viscera 2, salivation and digestive organ contractions 3,Erection or engorgement of genitalia 4, dilation of bronchioles for easier breathing 5, contraction of bladder and relaxation 6,contractions of arrector pill of hair arrector pill of hair follicles causing goose bumps 7,increase in blood glucose level by pancreatic serection coling with stress fight or fight responsearrow_forward
- 1) For each of the following reflexes, detail what the sensor is, the integrator, and the effector. Also note the neuronsinvolved in the reflex (like alpha motor neuron).a. Myotatic (stretch reflex)b. Autogenic Inhibition (Golgi tendon organ reflex)c. Flexor Reflex 2) You stimulate an alpha motor neuron and measure the force of contraction in a control muscle from a mouse. You then add Substance X, a newly synthesized product from your organic chemists. You observe that there is adecreased force of contraction following the same type of motor neuron stimulation.a. Draw your experimental setup and what force you measure before and after administering Substance X.Hint: You’ll need to include something to stimulate the muscle and something to measure the force. Whatyou measure is force upon stimulation (mN, milliNewtons) before and after addition of X.b. Hypothesize one way that Substance X could be inhibiting muscle contraction. Design an experiment…arrow_forwardDefine the term stretch reflex and describe how such reflexes are used to anatomically localize SCIarrow_forwardCorrect the following false statement: "Any cell that has the acetylcholine receptor will have the same response as any other cell that also has the acetylcholine receptor when exposed to acetylcholine". Explain why this statement is false.arrow_forward
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