a.
To determine: The name of the phenomenon that explains the signal cascade for rhodopsin.
Introduction: Receptors are the structures that compose of proteins and promote binding of certain molecules that act as signaling molecules and bring changes in the functioning of the cell. The receptors are specific and allow the binding of molecules only from a specific family. There are three different ways in which receptors function namely amplification, integration, and relaying of the signal.
b.
To determine: The total number of GMP molecules that will be formed by a single rhodopsin molecule.
Introduction: Rhodopsin pigment is found in the rods of the retina, and it is highly sensitive to light. Hence, these cells play an important in visualization in the dark. Rhodopsin triggers a series of reactions and leads to photobleaching. Rhodopsin is important for visual phototransduction reaction in the rod cells.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 6 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- Many enzymes can hydrolyze GTP between the β and γ phosphates. The GTP analog β,γ-imidoguanosine 5′-triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), shown below, cannot be hydrolyzed between the β and γ phosphates. Predict the effect of microinjection of Gpp(NH)p into a myocyte on the cell’s response to β-adrenergic stimulation.arrow_forwardSort the following steps of GPCR signal propagation (you may not use all the steps): A) Dephosphorylation of GPCR B) G protein dissociation to adenylate cyclase and GTP binds to the G protein C) Ligand binding to GPCR D) G protein dissociation from GPCR and GDP binds to the G protein E) Synthesis of CAMP F) Activation of PKA G) G protein association to adenylate cyclase H) G protein dissociation from GPCR and GTP binds to the G protein O F, C, H, F, B OC OB, D, A, E, H O C, H, G, E, F OA, G, H, B, Earrow_forwardWhat is signal transduction? Illustrate and describe the molecular events in signal transduction pathways involving 1) G-protein-coupled receptors and 2) enzyme linked receptors.arrow_forward
- Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium. They have an important role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelin activates G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ETA or ETB on a target cell. Which subunit of heterotrimeric G protein is released when the receptor is activated? a.) gamme b.) beta c.) alphaarrow_forwardWhich ONE of these statements is the most accurate definition of the mode of action of imatinib? Select one: A.It is a specific inhibitor of the BCR‐ABL1 fusion protein and blocks phosphatase activity by competing with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding B.It is a specific inhibitor of the BCR‐ABL1 fusion protein and blocks tyrosine kinase activity by competing with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding C.It is a specific inhibitor of the BCR‐ABL1 fusion protein and blocks tyrosine kinase activity by interaction with the enzyme site D.It is a specific inhibitor of the BCR‐ABL1 fusion protein and blocks phosphatase activity by interaction with the enzyme sitearrow_forwardMy boss has given me the purified extracellular portion of the Notch receptor. As Delta/Notch signaling occurs between cells, I know that both the Notch receptor and and Delta are most likely "comfortable" in the environment of the blood, not the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, etc... I want to purify Delta, the signal. What would be true of the most specific purification technique I could choose, i.e. the technique that will result in the fewest proteins in the fraction containing Delta? Do not worry about whether the protein works after fractionation yet. Pick ALL that apply. I would use ion exchange chromatography. I would use size exclusion chromatography I would use affinity chromatography I would use a water based mobile phase of 7.4 I would use an acetonitrile mobile phase with a pH of 7.4 I would use a water based mobile phase of pH 7.2 I would use an acetonitrile phase of 7.2 I…arrow_forward
- The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is a reversible reaction as shown below. The ΔG for the reaction is ±30.5 kJ/mol. ΔG = ± 30.5 kJ/mol GTP + H2O GDP + Pi a) Which signalling pathway in the above diagram utilizes this forward reaction? (mTOR pathway, Hippo pathway, Both pathways, or Neither pathway) b) Which protein possesses this enzymatic activity within that pathway?arrow_forwardPatch clamping can be used to measure the conductance properties of individual ion channels. Describe how patch clamping can be used to determine whether or not the gene coding for a putative K+ channel actually codes for a K+ or a Na+ channel.arrow_forward3) The “Met" receptor is a membrane receptor protein responsible for initiating signal transduction pathways that cause cells to divide, among other things. After the Met receptor has been stimulated by its specific growth factor, another protein called c- Cbl will bind to the Met receptor. C-Cbl will then attach a chain of small proteins called ubiquitin to the Met receptor. These chains of ubiquitin help the cell recognize that the Met receptor should undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, which eventually leads to the destruction of the Met receptor. Circle any answer or answers that include mutations that could cause the cell to potentially become a cancer cell. A) a mutation causing there to be too much ubiquitin protein produced. B) a mutation causing c-Cbl to be inactivated. C) a mutation causing ubiquitin to be inactivated. D) a mutation causing there to be too few Met receptors produced. E) a mutation causing the Met receptor to no longer be able to bind to its growth factor.…arrow_forward
- What are two common ways by which signal transduction pathwaysenhance the activity of specific enzymes?arrow_forward47. Order the sequence of Canonical signaling via Frizzled receptors. i) β-catenin can now promote proliferation and stem cell state ii) Frizzled receptor signals for dishevelled and axin binding to itself iii) LRP assisted with Wnt binding to frizzled receptor iv) Preventing the activation of GSK-β which signals for phosphorylation A. iii ->ii-> iv-> i B. iv-> iii -> ii-> i C. i-> ii-> iv-> iii D. iii-> iv-> ii-> iarrow_forwarda.What would happen if IKKbeta did not phosphorylate IkappaB? b.Why is it so hard to make cytokine therapies? c.Why would you use the MyD88 independent pathway versus the MyD88 dependent pathway?arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning