DATABASE SYSTEMS
DATABASE SYSTEMS
13th Edition
ISBN: 9780357095607
Author: Coronel
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 6, Problem 8RQ
Program Plan Intro

Normalization:

The process used to minimize data redundancy and dependency in a relational database is known as normalization. The database table is divided into two or more tables and defines the relationship between those tables.

First normal form (1NF):

  • If a table does not contain any replicate fields or groups of fields then that model is called as first normal form.
  • In this form, entities do not contain any single instance of the repeating variable.
    • It means that the entities contain only one instance of the attributes, multi-valued attributes are neglected.

Second normal form (2NF):

  • The value of all non-primary key attributes should be dependent on the primary key attribute.
    • If any attribute is depending on the partial primary key then it should determine the other attributes for an instance of the entity.
  • The partial dependencies should be removed from the data model.

Third normal form (3NF):

  • The value of any non-primary key attributes will not depend on any other non-primary key attributes.
    • If any non-primary key attributes depend on any other non-primary key attribute then it should be moved or deleted.
    • It is termed as transitive dependency.

Partial dependency:

A partial dependency exists at that time of an attributes depends only a part of primary key. This dependency is related with 1st normal form.

Transitive dependency:

A transitive dependency exists at that time of an attributes depends on another attribute which is not part of primary key.

Functional dependency:

An association between two attributes or two set of attributes in a same relational database table, which is having some constraints is known as functional dependency.

  • In a table one attribute is functionally dependent on another attribute to take one value.

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1. Unsigned Integers If we have an n-digit unsigned numeral dn-1d n-2...do in radix (or base) r, then the value of that numeral is n−1 r² di Σi=0 which is basically saying that instead of a 10's or 100's place we have an r's or r²'s place. For binary, decimal, and hex r equals 2, 10, and 16, respectively. Just a reminder that in order to write down a large number, we typically use the IEC or SI prefixing system: IEC: Ki = 210, Mi = 220, Gi = 230, Ti = 240, Pi = 250, Ei = 260, Zi = 270, Yi = 280; SI: K=103, M = 106, G = 109, T = 10¹², P = 1015, E = 10¹8, Z = 1021, Y = 1024. 1.1 Conversions a. (15 pts) Write the following using IEC prefixes: 213, 223, 251, 272, 226, 244 21323 Ki8 Ki 223 23 Mi 8 Mi b. (15 pts) Write the following using SI prefixes: 107, 10¹7, 10¹¹, 1022, 1026, 1015 107 10¹ M = 10 M = 1017102 P = 100 P c. (10 pts) Write the following with powers of 10: 7 K, 100 E, 21 G 7 K = 7*10³
answer shoul avoid using AI and should be basic and please explain
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