Chapter 6, Problem 80P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mechanism for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.

The curved arrows are generally used to indicate the flow of electrons present in the reaction.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

Oxidizing Reagents: The chemical agents used to add oxygen or remove hydrogen which finally reduced on oxidizing the other compound.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The rate determining step for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Rate determining step: The slowest step in the reaction is called rate determining step. The actual rate of the reaction depends on the slowest step of the reaction.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electrophile present in the first step of given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.

The curved arrows are generally used to indicate the flow of electrons present in the reaction.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The nucleophile present in the first step of given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electrophile present in the second step of given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.

The curved arrows are generally used to indicate the flow of electrons present in the reaction.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The nucleophile present in the second step of given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.