Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 6, Problem 4CT
As you learned in this chapter, cell membranes arc required for electron transfer phosphorylation. Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts serve this purpose in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not have this organelle, but many are photosynthesizers. How do you think they carry out the light-dependent reactions, given that they have no chloroplasts?
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After electrons are raised to high energy levels in photosystem II, they travel down an electron transport chain. As they are stepped down in energy, the lost energy is used to power which process.
The pumping of high energy electrons into the intermembrane space. This creates a large difference in concentration and in electric charge between the intermembrane space and the lumen of the thylakoid. When these high energy electrons rush back into the thylakoid lumen, they are forced to travel through one of the ATP synthase molecules that sits embedded in the thylakoid membrane. ATP synthase uses the flow of hydrogen ions to phosphorylate ADP, converting it to ATP.
The pumping of hydrogen ions into the stroma. This creates a large difference in concentration and in electric charge between the stroma and the lumen (watery interior) of the thylakoid. When When the hydrogen ions in the stroma rush back into the thylakoid lumen, they are forced to…
In 2005, a new species of green sulfur bacteria was discovered near a geothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean. An exceptionally efficient light-harvesting mechanism allows these bacteria to carry out photosynthesis where the only illumination is a dim volcanic glow emanating from the vent. Cell membrane are required for electron transfer chains in the light-dependent reactions. but these bacteria have no internal membranes. How do you think they carry out the light-dependent reactions?
in 2005, a new species of green sulfur bacteria wasdiscovered near a geothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean. An exceptionally efficient light-harvesting mechanism allows these bacteria to carry out photosynthesis where the only illumination is a dim volcanic glow emanating from the vent. Cell membranes are required for electron transfer chains in the light-dependent reactions, but these bacteria have no internal membranes. How do you think they carry out the light-dependent reactions?
Chapter 6 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 6 - A cat eats a bird, which ate a caterpillar that...Ch. 6 - Plants use__________ as an energy source to drive...Ch. 6 - Most of the carbon dioxide that plants use for...Ch. 6 - Which of the following statements is incorrect? a....Ch. 6 - Prob. 5SQCh. 6 - When a photosystem absorbs light, __________. a....Ch. 6 - Prob. 7SQCh. 6 - What accumulates inside the thylakoid compartment...Ch. 6 - The atoms in the molecular oxygen released during...Ch. 6 - Prob. 10SQ
Ch. 6 - Prob. 1DAACh. 6 - Energy Efficiency of Biofuel Production Most of...Ch. 6 - Energy Efficiency of Biofuel Production Most of...Ch. 6 - The Calvin-Benson cycle starts when a. light is...Ch. 6 - Which of the following substances does not...Ch. 6 - Closed stomata ________. a. limit gas exchange b....Ch. 6 - In C3 plants, ______ makes sugar production...Ch. 6 - Match each with its most suitable description....Ch. 6 - Prob. 1CTCh. 6 - While gazing into an aquarium, you see bubbles...Ch. 6 - AC3 plant absorbs a carbon radioisotope (as part...Ch. 6 - As you learned in this chapter, cell membranes arc...
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- Green algae are green, red algae are red, brown algae are brown, and purple bacteria are purple.... compare and contrast how the various types of photosynthetic organisms convert light energy into cellular energy. Be sure to briefly describe how each produces actual energy the cell can use (ie, ADP -> ATP).arrow_forwardATP energy molecules are synthesized during the oxidative phosphorylation of cellular respiration in mitochondria and the light reaction of photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Using the diagram below as a guide, compare and contrast the mechanisms of ATP synthesis in the two processes.arrow_forwardConsider the structures and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. For each of the statements below, identify which part(s) of the chloroplast or mitochondrion (identified by letters in the figure below) are described. Some answers may include more than 1 letter. In those cases, separate the letters by a single space (eg. c g) Electron transport chains are located in ------ Photosystem I and II are located in ------- Ubiquinone is located in ------- NADPH is produced in ------ Pyruvate oxidation takes place in ------ ATP is produced in ------ NAD+ is produced in ----- High H+ concentration is produced in ----- O2 is produced in ----- RuBP is produced in ------arrow_forward
- In the Light Reaction of Photosynthesis, the sun excites electrons in pigment molecules in the photosystems. These excited electrons and (H+ ions) go through electron transport systems. Keep in mind that if this process continued as stated, the pigment molecules would run out of electrons, but fortunately there is a way in which the excited electrons are replaced. Explain how the electrons are ultimately replaced and what the important byproduct is.arrow_forwardComplete the following table to compare the electron-transport phase of cellular respiration with the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.arrow_forwardA culture of the single celled organism Chlamydomonas is actively carrying out photosynthesis in the presence of light and CO2. If you turned off the light, how would you expect the amounts of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate to change over the next minute? How about if you left the light on and removed the CO2?arrow_forward
- Which statement best describes translation? 00 The process converts an mRNA sequence into a polypeptide. It uses ribosomes to make mRNA. It produces Okazaki fragments. It produces RNA from DNA molecules The process breaks bonds between amino acids.arrow_forwardThe thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast has features similar to the mitochondrial inner membrane. Which of these features is NOT a common feature? has photosensitive pigments has ATP synthase enzyme embedded in the membrane has limited permeability to protons is made of phospholipids is embedded with electron transport chain proteins.arrow_forwardAssume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma but the photosystems and membrane proteins of the electron transport chain are unharmed. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?arrow_forward
- In the light reactions of photosynthesis, electrons within the pigment molecules that are embedded in the plasma membranes of the thylakoids are hit by photons of sunlight. This dramatically increases the energy in these electrons. When photons of light strike electrons in other kinds of molecules, the electrons are raised to high energy levels, but immediately drop back down to their ground states, re-emitting the photons. However, in the light reactions, an excited electron is passed to an electron acceptor molecule before it can drop back down to its ground state. The excited electron is then passed from the primary electron receptor to the electron transport chain and eventually ends up as part of a glucose molecule. If the pigments in the thylakoid are continually passing their electrons to other molecules, how do the pigments replace their missing electrons? To replace the missing electrons, an enzyme removes the two hydrogen atoms from a water molecule.…arrow_forwardAs you learned, membranes impermeable to hydrogen ions are required for electron transfer phosphorylation. Membranes in mitochondria serve this purpose in eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have this organelle, but they do make ATP by electron transfer phosphorylation. How do you think they do it, given that they have no mitochondria?arrow_forwardCompare structures and cellular processes of chloroplasts with the structures and cellular processes of mitochondria. This task is an opportunity for you to show the best of your learning from the first half of this Unit. Summarize the differences and similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria. A comprehensive comparison should include the following details: structures, electrons, transport of substrates across membranes, locations within the cell and with the organelle, membranes, biochemical reactions, roles of O2 and H2O, regulation and other ways to change the rate of the metabolic process.arrow_forward
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