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a)
Interpretation: The molecular electronic configuration of
Concept introduction: Two or more than two atomic orbitals overlap to form bond, these orbitals are called molecular orbitals. Count of molecular orbital obtained is same as count of atomic orbitals mixed.
Two forms of molecular orbital are obtained. These are bonding and antibonding orbital.
Bonding orbitals are those in that electrons are in between nucleus of two atom. Antibonding orbitals are those in which electrons are away from nucleus of two-atom. Also, electrons in antibonding orbital have energy high as compared to bonding orbital.
In sigma
In pi
In pi
b)
Interpretation: The bond order of
Concept introduction: Two or more than two atomic orbitals overlap to form bond, these orbitals are called molecular orbitals. Count of molecular orbital obtained is same as count of atomic orbitals mixed.
Two forms of molecular orbital are obtained. These are bonding and antibonding orbital.
Bonding orbitals are those in that electrons are in between nucleus of two atom. Antibonding orbitals are those in which electrons are away from nucleus of two-atom. Also, electrons in antibonding orbital have energy high as compared to bonding orbital.
In sigma
In pi
In pi
c)
Interpretation: The species that is paramagnetic should be determined.
Concept introduction: Two or more than two atomic orbitals overlap to form bond, these orbitals are called molecular orbitals. Count of molecular orbital obtained is same as count of atomic orbitals mixed.
Two forms of molecular orbital are obtained. These are bonding and antibonding orbital.
Bonding orbitals are those in that electrons are in between nucleus of two atom. Antibonding orbitals are those in which electrons are away from nucleus of two-atom. Also, electrons in antibonding orbital have energy high as compared to bonding orbital.
In sigma
In pi
In pi
d)
Interpretation: The ion that has high
Concept introduction: Two or more than two atomic orbitals overlap to form bond, these orbitals are called molecular orbitals. Count of molecular orbital obtained is same as count of atomic orbitals mixed.
Two forms of molecular orbital are obtained. These are bonding and antibonding orbital.
Bonding orbitals are those in that electrons are in between nucleus of two atom. Antibonding orbitals are those in which electrons are away from nucleus of two-atom. Also, electrons in antibonding orbital have energy high as compared to bonding orbital.
In sigma
In pi
In pi
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Chapter 6 Solutions
Principles of Modern Chemistry
- In each of the following molecules, a central atom is surrounded by a total of three atoms or unshared electron pairs: SnCl2, BCl3, SO2. In which of these molecules would you expect the bond angle to be less than 120? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardThe lactic acid molecule, CH3CH(OH)COOH, gives sourmilk its unpleasant, sour taste. (a) Draw the Lewis structurefor the molecule, assuming that carbon always forms fourbonds in its stable compounds. (b) How many π and howmany σ bonds are in the molecule? (c) Which CO bond isshortest in the molecule? (d) What is the hybridization ofatomic orbitals around the carbon atom associated withthat short bond? (e) What are the approximate bond anglesaround each carbon atom in the molecule?arrow_forwardButadiene, C4H6, is a planar molecule that has the followingcarbon–carbon bond lengths: (a) Predict the bond angles around each of the carbon atoms and sketch the molecule. (b) From left to right, what is the hybridization of each carbon atom in butadiene? (c) The middle C—C bond length in butadiene (1.48 Å) is a little shorter than the average C—C single bond length (1.54 Å). Does this imply that the middle C—C bond in butadiene is weaker or stronger than the average C—C single bond? (d) Based on your answer for part (c), discuss what additional aspects of bonding in butadiene might support the shorter middle C—C bond.arrow_forward
- (a) How does a polar molecule differ from a nonpolar one? (b) Atoms X and Y have different electronegativities. Will the diatomic molecule X—Y necessarily be polar? Explain. (c) What factors affect the size of the dipole moment of a diatomic molecule?arrow_forwardCalcium carbide, CaC2,contains the acetylide ion, C22-.Sketch the molecular orbital energy'level diagram for the ion and the electron dot strucure. (a) How many net σ and π bonds does the ion have? (b) What is the carbon-carbon bond order? (c) Compare the valence bond and MO pictures with regard to the number of σ and π bonds and the bond order. (d) How has the bond order changed on adding electrons to C2 to obtain C22-? (e) Is the C22- ion paramagnetic?arrow_forward(a) Methane (CH4) and the perchlorate ion (ClO4- ) are bothdescribed as tetrahedral. What does this indicate about theirbond angles? (b) The NH3 molecule is trigonal pyramidal, while BF3 is trigonal planar. Which of these molecules is flat?arrow_forward
- A useful solvent that will dissolve salts as well as organic compounds is the compound acetonitrile, H3CCN. It is present in paint strippers.(a) Write the Lewis structure for acetonitrile, and indicate the direction of the dipole moment in the molecule.(b) Identify the hybrid orbitals used by the carbon atoms in the molecule to form σ bonds.(c) Describe the atomic orbitals that form the π bonds in the molecule. Note that it is not necessary to hybridize the nitrogen atom.arrow_forward1. Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following ions or molecules. For each, give (i) the molecular shape, (ii) the electron pair geometry at the central atom, and (iii) the hybridization of the central atom. (a) POF3 (b) XeO₂F3+ (c) BrCl₂ (d) N3 (the central atom is N; two other N's are bonded to it) (e) PF3arrow_forwardDraw the molecular orbital energy diagrams for the valence electrons in the following diatomic molecules. Calculate the bond order and indicate if each of them is diamagnetic or paramagnetic. (а) В> (b) С. (c) CO (d) NO (е) Оzarrow_forward
- (a) What is the physical basis for the VSEPR model?(b) When applying the VSEPR model, we count a double ortriple bond as a single electron domain. Why is this justified?arrow_forwardWhen one electron is added to an oxygen molecule, a superoxide ion (Oz) is formed. The addition of two elec- trons gives a peroxide ion (Oź ). Removal of an electron from O, leads to Ož. (a) Construct the correlation diagram for Oz. (b) Give the valence electron configuration for each of the following species: Ož, O2, 0z, 03 . (c) Give the bond order of each species. (d) Predict which species are paramagnetic. (e) Predict the order of increasing bond dissociation energy among the species.arrow_forwardConsider the molecules SCl₂, F₂, CS₂, CF₄, and BrCl.(a) Which has bonds that are the most polar?(b) Which have a molecular dipole moment?arrow_forward
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