Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 5, Problem 8R
Write your own definition of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP generation. On Figure 5.16, mark the following using the appropriate letter:
- a. the acidic side of the membrane
- b. the side with a positive electrical charge
- c. potential energy
- d. kinetic energy
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Define the following terms:a. cofactorb. coenzymec. apoenzymed. holoenzymee. velocity
Choose the correct answer:
1- How does ETC lead to ATP synthesis:
A) Hydrogen ions diffuse from the intermembrane space to the matrix through ATP synthase.B) Hydrogens jump from the inner membrane to the outer membrane and out through ATP synthase.C) Hydrogens diffuse from the intermembrane space to the outer membrane through ATPase.D) Protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space through ATP synthase.
2- TCA cycle occurs in aerobic respiration because :
A) Oxygen has a catalytic functionB) Oxygen is a reactantC) Electron transport chain requires aerobic conditions to operate.
D) All of the above.
It is essential for the cells in plants and animals to have an adequate supply of oxygen. Explain what the oxygen is needed for in the cells? (Be as specific as possible.)
Chapter 5 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction
Ch. 5 - Prob. 1RCh. 5 - DRAW ITUsing the diagrams below, show each of the...Ch. 5 - DRAW IT An enzyme and substrate are combined. The...Ch. 5 - Define oxidation-reduction, and differentiate the...Ch. 5 - There are three mechanisms for the phosphorylation...Ch. 5 - All of the energy-producing biochemical reactions...Ch. 5 - Fill in the following table with the carbon source...Ch. 5 - Write your own definition of the chemiosmotic...Ch. 5 - Why must NADH be reoxidized? How does this happen...Ch. 5 - NAME IT What nutritional type is a colorless...
Ch. 5 - Which substance in the following reaction is being...Ch. 5 - Which of the following reactions produces the most...Ch. 5 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 5 - Which of the following compounds has the greatest...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 5 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 5 - Which culture produces the most lactic acid? Use...Ch. 5 - Which culture produces the most ATP? Use the...Ch. 5 - Which culture uses NAD+? Use the following choices...Ch. 5 - Which culture uses the most glucose? Use the...Ch. 5 - Explain why, even under ideal conditions,...Ch. 5 - The following graph shows the normal rate of...Ch. 5 - Compare and contrast carbohydrate catabolism and...Ch. 5 - How much ATP could be obtained from the complete...Ch. 5 - The chemoautotroph Acidithiobacillus can obtain...Ch. 5 - Haemophilus influenzae requires hemin (X factor)...Ch. 5 - The drug Hivid, also called ddC, inhibits DNA...Ch. 5 - The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to...
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- choose the correct answer: 1- Within the cell, many chemical reactions that, by themselves, require energy input (have a positive free-energy change) can occur because the reactions: A) May be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.B) Are catalyzed by enzymesC) Are aided by various metal ions that act as catalystsD) Take place when the cells are at unusually high temperatures>E) Take place very slowly. 2- ATP synthesis is powered by: A) proton gradient.B) GTP hydrolysis.C) cAMP.D)Coenzyme motive force.arrow_forwardusing the cell potential table found in the Reference Material, why do you get holes in your aluminum foil if you use it to cover lasagna in a steel pan? Hint: Steel is made up of mostly iron and lasagna serves as an acidic medium.arrow_forwardATP is utilized in a variety of reactions in the cell. Research and describe two specific reactions that utilize ATP. One of them must be a process involving transport across membranes. The second must be a process involving metabolism, and utilizing an enzyme (name the enzyme). Explain how ATP is used and why it is needed in the two processes described.arrow_forward
- For each of the four possibilities listed below (a through d), only one answer is correct and the others are false. Identify the correct statement and explain why the others are false. In your answer, write CORRECT next to the statement that you think is true, and ONLY for the ones that you think are false, explain what is wrong with the statement . When glucose reacts with ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate (as shown on the figure below): 1. The synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate is exergonic 2. ADP is at a higher energy level than ATP 3. Glucose-6-phosphate is at a higher energy level than glucose 4. Because ATP donates a phosphate to glucose, this is not a coupled reactionarrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following processes would be expected to involve the conversion of ATP to ADP or the conversion of ADP to ATP. a) Heart muscle contraction b) transport of nutrients to various locations in the bodyarrow_forwardAs electrons move from Complex I & II to Complex IV, H+ ions accumulate in the intermembrane space. Describe how these ions are then used to generate ATP using the following terms: ATP synthase, ADP, ATP, electrochemical gradient, chemiosmosis, intermembrane space, matrix.arrow_forward
- In one of the early tests of the chemiosmotic model, formation of ATP was assayed in a suspension of thylakoid vesicles. These vesicles had their stromal surface facing outward, that is, right -side-out. These vesicles were first acidified to pH 4 and then made alkaline in the presence of ADP and " PO.. The results obtained are shown in Figure 3 (A) and (B). (A) 200 100 10 15 Succinate (mM) (B) 300 200 100 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 pH of alkaline stage Figure 3 (i) Why does the yield of ATP increase with increasing concentrations of the succinic acid? (succinic acid has two carboxylic acid groups with pKa of 4.2 and 5.5). (ii) Why is the yield of ATP so critically dependent on the pH of the alkaline stage of the experiment? (iii) Predict the effects of treatments with Carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone, FCCP, an uncoupler of electron transport and ATP synthesis. ATP synthesis (pmol)arrow_forwardDiscuss the chemiosmotic theory of ATP production.arrow_forwardDefine the following terms:a. phosphoglycerideb. sphingolipidc. GPI anchord. glycolipide. sphingomyelinarrow_forward
- ATP synthase is composed of two oligomeric proteins, F and F₁. What is the function and purpose of each protein complex?arrow_forwardCan you please explain the relationship of ATP concentration and NADH concentration in this graph (cellular respiration)? At different treatments of ATP (E.g. At 25 ATP, 50 ATP, 100 ATP), why did the NADH concentration change?arrow_forwardWhich one of the following buffers the concentration of ATP? Select one: a. Glycolysis b. Acidosis O c. Phosphocreatine O d. Oxidative phosphorylation e. Acetyl coenzyme Aarrow_forward
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