Chapter 5, Problem 59E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in hydrogen is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in hydrogen is $1$.

Explanation of Solution

The hydrogen belongs to the Group $\text{IA}/\text{1}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{IA}/\text{1}$ is $n{s}^1$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{IA}/\text{1}$ is $1$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in hydrogen is $1$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in hydrogen is $1$.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in boron is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in boron is $3$.

Explanation of Solution

The boron belongs to the Group $\text{IIIA}/\text{13}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{IIIA}/\text{13}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^1$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{IIIA}/\text{13}$ is $3$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{IIIA}/\text{13}$ is $3$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in boron is $3$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in boron is $3$.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in nitrogen is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in nitrogen is $5$.

Explanation of Solution

The nitrogen belongs to the Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^3$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$ is $5.$

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$ is $5$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in nitrogen is $5$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in nitrogen is $5$.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in fluorine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in fluorine is $7$.

Explanation of Solution

The fluorine belongs to the Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^5$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$ is $7$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$ is $7$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in fluorine is $7$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in fluorine is $7$.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in calcium is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in calcium is $2$.

Explanation of Solution

The calcium belongs to the Group $\text{IIA}/\text{2}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{IIA}/\text{2}$ is $n{s}^2$.

Only two electrons are present in the $s$ subshell of the Group $\text{IIA}/\text{2}$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{IIA}/\text{2}$ is $2$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in calcium is $2$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in calcium is $2$.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in silicon is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in silicon is $4$.

Explanation of Solution

The silicon belongs to the Group $\text{IVA}/\text{14}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{IVA}/\text{14}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^2$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{IVA}/\text{14}$ is $4$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in silicon is $4$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in silicon is $4$.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in oxygen is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in oxygen is $6$.

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen belongs to the Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^4$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$ is $6$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$ is $6$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in oxygen is $6$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in oxygen is $6$.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in argon is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 59E

The number of valence electrons in argon is $8$.

Explanation of Solution

The argon belongs to the Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^6$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$ is $8$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$ is $8$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in argon is $8$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in argon is $8$.