Chapter 5, Problem 60E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in helium is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in helium is $2$.

Explanation of Solution

The helium belongs to the Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$. It is a noble gas.

The helium is the only noble gas that has only two electrons in its outermost shell. The rest of the noble gases have eight electrons in their valence shell.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in helium is $2$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in helium is $2$.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in lead is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in lead is $4$.

Explanation of Solution

The lead belongs to the Group $\text{IVA}/\text{14}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{IVA}/\text{14}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^2$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{IVA}/\text{14}$ is $4$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{IVA}/\text{14}$ is $4$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in lead is $4$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in lead is $4$.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in selenium is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in selenium is $6$.

Explanation of Solution

The Selenium belongs to the Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^4$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$ is $6$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VIA}/\text{16}$ is $6$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in selenium is $6$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in Selenium is $6$.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in neon is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in neon is $8$.

Explanation of Solution

The neon belongs to the Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^6$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$ is $8$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VIIIA}/\text{18}$ is $8$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in neon is $8$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in neon is $8$.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in cesium is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in cesium is $1$.

Explanation of Solution

The cesium belongs to the Group $\text{IA}/\text{1}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{IA}/\text{1}$ is $n{s}^1$.

Only one electron is present in the $s$ subshell of the Group $\text{IA}/\text{1}$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{IA}/\text{1}$ is $1$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in cesium is $1$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in cesium is $1$.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in gallium is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in gallium is $3$.

Explanation of Solution

The gallium belongs to the Group $\text{IIIA}/\text{13}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{IIIA}/\text{13}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^1$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{IIIA}/\text{13}$ is $3$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in gallium is $3$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in gallium is $3$.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in antimony is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in antimony is $5$.

Explanation of Solution

The antimony belongs to the Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^3$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$ is $5$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VA}/\text{15}$ is $5$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in antimony is $5$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in antimony is $5$.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in elements of bromine is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The periodic table represents elements in order of their increasing atomic numbers. In the modern periodic table, the horizontal rows are known as periods and vertical columns are known as groups. There are seven periods and eighteenth groups in the modern periodic table.

Answer to Problem 60E

The number of valence electrons in elements of bromine is $7$.

Explanation of Solution

The bromine belongs to the Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$.

The general electronic configuration for the outermost shell of the Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$ is $n{s}^{2}n{p}^5$.

The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element of the Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$ is $7$.

The number of valence electrons in elements of Group $\text{VIIA}/\text{17}$ is $7$.

Therefore, the number of valence electrons in elements of bromine is $7$.

Conclusion

The number of valence electrons in elements of bromine is $7$.