Biology
Biology
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188121
Author: Peter Stiling, Robert Brooker, Linda Graham, Eric Widmaier
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 49, Problem 1COQ
Summary Introduction

To determine: The mechanisms by which soluble wastes are removed from the body fluids of animals.

Introduction: Waste materials such as excess metabolic wastes, excess ions, excess water, and toxic substances need to be removed from the body of the organism as the accumulation of such materials is harmful to the organism. This process is called excretion.

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Metabolism of nutrients by body cells produces various wastes such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous toxins (creatinine, urea, and ammonia), as well as imbalances of water and essential ions. These metabolic wastes and excesses must be eliminated from the body. Essential substances are retained to ensure proper body functioning. Although several organ systems are involved in excreting (getting rid of) toxic cellular wastes, the urinary system bears the primary responsibility for removing nitrogenous wastes from the blood. In addition to this purely excretory function, the kidneys maintain the electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balances of the blood. Thus, kidneys take care of your blood and are major homeostatic organs of the body. Malfunction of the kidneys leads to a failure of homeostasis, resulting (unless corrected) in death. 1. Complete the statements (hint: read paragraph above): The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes also a major homeostatic organ…
The human kidney helps control water and electrolyte balance and excretion of nitrogenous wastes. As water and solutes move through the nephron of the kidney, water is absorbed and transporters help transfer solutes in and out of the nephron. The urine is collected at the end of the nephron in a collecting duct and then transferred to the bladder. The sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) is a Na+-glucose symport protein highly expressed in kidney epithelial cells lining the nephron. SGLT2 uses the Na+ gradient to transport glucose from the kidney nephron tubule into the epithelial cell cytosol. The glucose then returns to the bloodstream through passive transport out of the epithelial cells by the glucose transporter GLUT2. Blood glucose levels are higher than normal in people with type 2 diabetes. One goal of type 2 diabetes treatment is to lower blood glucose levels. One way to do so is to keep glucose in the nephron tubule where it can be transferred to the bladder and excreted.…
Which statement about nitrogenous wastes is true?     ammonia cannot be concentrated as much as urea and uric acid because it is more toxic     some vertebrates are able to avoid producing nitrogenous wastes by using only anaerobic respiration     most vertebrates that produce urea excrete the urea as salt crystals that have precipitated out of solution to conserve water     many saurapsids excrete their nitrogenous wastes as nitric oxide     All of these are correct
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