Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 48.5, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The response of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and the feedback signals that regulate breathing.
Introduction:
The rate at which the respiration occurs in humans is controlled by the feedback signals supplied by the chemoreceptors of ventral medulla. The increase in blood CO2level or a decrease in blood O2 level needs to be kept in check for the proper functioning of body.
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Which of the following statements regarding control of respiration
is TRUE?
At high altitude, a decrease in PC02 of the blood stimulates an
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An increase in the HCO3- concentration in blood stimulates
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Increased concentrations of lactic acid stimulate ventilation primarily
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You have read about the Respiratory system in your Animal Physiology classes and are very excited to share the knowledge with one of your friend in the Chemistry Department. You explain to him the gas exchange between tissues and blood. However, your friend is very confused about the fact that how almost an equal amount of O2 & CO2 is exchanged in normal human (even during exercise) when the diffusion coefficient of CO2 is 20 times that of O2 (as CO2 is much more soluble in body tissues than O2). a) Explain the reason for the same to your friend. b) Why this equilibrium can’t be maintained in people who have a diseased lung with thickened walls?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across our respiratory surface into and out of the blood via simple diffusion. The respiratory membrane is thin so gases diffuse only a short distance through the liquid and into the blood. Fluid buildup in the lungs increases the distance through the liquid medium. How does this impact the concentration of oxygen in the blood? Explain.
Chapter 48 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- Explain what a partial pressure gradient is and how such gradients figure in gas exchange.arrow_forwardAt rest the typical partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood is around 40mmHg, and the ventilation rate is around 15 breathes per minute. During vigorous exercise you would expect the partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood to which would cause the ventilation rate to to compensate and restore homeostasis Increase; decrease Decrease; decrease Increase; increase Decrease; increasearrow_forwardWhen muscle cells are very active during exercise, they use more ATP energy.Explain how this is related to increased breathing rate and depth (taking moreand deeper breaths) both during exercise and for some time after you finishexercising. Be specific about the cellular respiration processes, inputs, andoutputs occurring in the cells that cause your body to respond with a changein breathing.arrow_forward
- Which one of the following statements about the afferent components of the respiratory control system is INCORRECT? Select one: a. In order to stimulate hyperventilation the sympathetic nervous system tricks the carotid body by constricting the capillaries that serve glomus cells; reduced blood flow to the cell causes localised hypoxia triggering a compensatory hyperventilation response even before systemic hypoxia is apparent. b. In type 1 glomus cells of the carotid bodies, hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis trigger afferent signalling by inhibiting K+ channels, depolarising the cell membrane, and opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that trigger the release of neurotransmitters onto afferent glossopharyngeal nerve fibres. c. Chemoreceptor cells can be found in the carotid body. d. The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits afferent impulses from the carotid body to the ventral respiratory group of neurons.arrow_forwardIn most tissues, if the temperature is increased by 10°C, how much is the rate of respiration increased?arrow_forwardThe diffusion coefficient of a gas is a constant and is not affected by disease states or treatment options. In contrast the other factors that determine gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane is affected by changes.Name the factors that can cause an increase in the diffusion rate through the respiratory membrane and provide detailed examples of conditions that will cause this increase.arrow_forward
- In control of ventilation, which of the following is the most important? PCO2 in the blood PO2 in the blood PO2 in the inspired air PCO2 in the inspired airarrow_forwardIn carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, CO binds to hemoglobin, therebydecreasing the uptake of O2 by hemoglobin. In addition, when CO bindsto hemoglobin, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to theleft. How does this shift affect the ability of tissues to get O2? Explainarrow_forwardexplain how basement membranes facillitate gas exchangearrow_forward
- The transportation of carbon dioxide involves a reversible reaction involving the bicarbonate ion. If this reaction was not readily reversible, then carbon dioxide would would drop, as high carbon dioxide levels cause hyperventilation build up in the tissues and become toxic would remain at a constant level, as red blood cells are frequently replaced be released in the lungs when the concentration gradient become largearrow_forwardWhen we change altitude, during the next few days, the body responds by adjusting Hb cooperativity. This can be accomplished by changing the concentration of 2,3-BPG in the blood. After moving from a low altitude to a higher altitude, does 2,3,-BPG increase or decrease? Explain how this affects oxygen transport capacityarrow_forwardDescribe the four factors that affect the diffusion of gasesthrough the respiratory membrane. Give examples ofdiseases that decrease diffusion by altering these factors.arrow_forward
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