The variations in Po 2 (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po 2 in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg. Given information: The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO 2 that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O 2 . The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO 2 release, and O 2 concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A. In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO 2 release and O 2 concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O 2 . The levels of the release of CO 2 and O 2 concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B. Introduction: The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

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Below is an oxygen-binding curve for two hemoglobin variants. 1.0 0.8 0.6 B 0.4 0.2 20 40 60 80 100 O2 pressure (torr) Determine the p50 for variant A to the nearest 5 torr (i.e., if the p50 was 12, you would write 10). Determine the fraction of the hemoglobin B bound with O2 in the lungs (pO2 = 100 torr) that delivers oxygen to the tissues (pO2 = 20 torr)? Answer to the nearest 0.05 value (for example, 0.10 or 0.15). Which hemoglobin variant (write A or B or same) delivers more oxygen to tissues? Fraction bound with O2

(b) The diagram on the right compares O2-dissoci- ation curves for human hemoglobins characterized by dif- ferent p50 values. If Ko2 represents the equilibrium disso- ciation constant for oxygen binding, e.g., Hb(02)n Hb + nO₂ show the relationship between Ko2 and p50. Assign one of the curves (a, b, e) that best approxi- mates the Ko2 of each of the mutant hemoglobins in the table above including HbA where Ko2 represents the equi- librium dissociation constant for oxygen binding. If no curve is present for any of the mutant hemogobins, state the rea- son why the mutant is not represented. Indicate on the graph where its p50 would lie. PERCENT SATURATION 100- 80- 60- 40- 20- PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN lungs veins muscle 0- 0 20 bc/d T 100 120 140 40 60 80 OXYGEN PRESSURE (millimeters of mercury) (c) Of the mutant hemoglobins in the table above, which form a hydrogen bond stabilizing the R (oxy) conformation similarly to that in wild type HbA. Justify this statement on the basis of the…

What is the physiological significance of the shape of the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve at PO2 values between 40 and 100 mmHg?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

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Answer 5

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Answer 6

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Answer 7

Chapter 48, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po₂ (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po₂ in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO₂ that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O₂.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO₂ release, and O₂ concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO₂ release and O₂ concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O₂. The levels of the release of CO₂ and O₂ concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O₂ during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po₂ during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po₂ decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, P_O2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the P_O2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO₂ in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Answer 12

Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 48.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 48.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 48.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 48.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 48.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 48.3 - Prob. 3R Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1R

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