Life: The Science of Biology
Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
bartleby

Concept explainers

bartleby

Videos

Question
Book Icon
Chapter 48, Problem 1Q
Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The variations in Po2 (in units of mmHg) in a typical open-close-fluttering cycle. Also explain the estimated mm Hg Po2 in the atmosphere and inside the tubes of trachea in all the three given experiments shown in figure B. Here, 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 7.5 mm Hg.

Given information:

The microscopic plastic tubes were inserted into the tracheae of the pupae of Attacus atlas moths by the researchers to study the tracheal function in the moths. The microtubes were attached to the sensors for recording the rate of CO2 that was released from the tracheae and also the intratracheal concentrations of O2.

The pupae were placed in the chambers by the researchers and the normal atmospheric levels of the gases were maintained. Researchers then recorded the behavior of spiracles, rate of CO2 release, and O2 concentrations in the tracheae. The results are shown in figure A.

In order to examine the spiracles performance in the different atmospheric conditions and their effects on the rate of CO2 release and O2 concentrations, pupae were exposed to the different levels of atmospheric O2. The levels of the release of CO2 and O2 concentrations were calculated during the fluttering stage as shown in the figure B.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 48, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip  1

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 48, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip  2

Introduction:

The insectys have a unique mechanism of air exchange in their bodies. The respiratory system of the insects consists of the tracheae that is responsible for the gaseous exchange in and out of tissues. There are spiracles present that guards the trachea. They are valve-like and either remains open, closed, or in a fluttering state.

Expert Solution & Answer
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

Intratracheal partial pressure of O2 during the open phase of the spiracles in the tracheae as shown in the figure is 20.4 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, Po2 during the open phase will be,7.5*20.4 = 153 mm Hg.

During the closed phase, Po2 decreases to 4–5 kPa.

If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, then, PO2 during the closed phase will be,7.5*5 = 37.5 mm Hg.

During the fluttering phase, if the oxygen concentration is changed as shown in figure B, the PO2 will be calculated as

Case1, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*6.4 = 48 mm Hg.

Case2, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*21.2 = 159 mm Hg.

Case3, If 1 kPa = 7.5mm Hg, 7.5*40.2 = 301.5 mm Hg.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be concluded that the changes in approximate mm Hg of PO2 in a typical open-close fluttering cycle are 153 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg during the open and closed phases, respectively. Also, in the tubes of the trachea, in all the three given cases, the pressure was 48 mm Hg, 159 mm Hg, and 301.5 mm Hg, respectively.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!
Students have asked these similar questions
The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for?  3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2
There is currently a H5N1 cattle outbreak in North America. According to the CDC on Feb 26*: "A multistate outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) bird flu in dairy cows was first reported on March 25, 2024. This is the first time that these bird flu viruses had been found in cows. In the United States, since 2022, USDA has reported HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections in more than 200 mammals." List and describe two mechanisms that could lead to this H5N1 influenza strain evolving to spread in human:  Mechanisms 1: Mechanisms 2: For the mutations to results in a human epidered they would need to change how the virus interacts with the human host. In the case of mutations that may promote an epidemic, provide an example for: a protein that might incur a mutation: how the mutation would change interactions with cells in the respiratory tract (name the receptor on human cells) List two phenotypic consequence from this mutation that would increase human risk
You have a bacterial strain with the CMU operon: a) As shown in the image below, the cmu operon encodes a peptide (Pep1), as well as a kinase and regulator corresponding to a two-component system. The cmu operon is activated when Pep 1 is added to the growth media. Pep1 is a peptide that when added extracellularly leads to activation of the Cmu operon. Pep1 cmu-kinase cmu-regulator You also have these genetic components in other strains: b) An alternative sigma factor, with a promoter activated by the cmu-regulator, that control a series of multiple operons that together encode a transformasome (cellular machinery for transformation). c) the gene cl (a repressor). d) the promoter X, which includes a cl binding site (and in the absence of cl is active). e) the gene gp (encoding a green fluorescence protein). Using the cmu operon as a starting point, and assuming you can perform cloning to rearrange any of these genomic features, how would you use one or more of these to modify the…
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Biology
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques 6E
Biology
ISBN:9781133893943
Author:ESTRIDGE
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
Biomedical Instrumentation Systems
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133478294
Author:Chatterjee
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
Case Studies In Health Information Management
Biology
ISBN:9781337676908
Author:SCHNERING
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
Curren'S Math For Meds: Dosages & Sol
Nursing
ISBN:9781305143531
Author:CURREN
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
Cardiopulmonary Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781337794909
Author:Des Jardins, Terry.
Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Immune System Diseases and Disorders; Author: Heather Davis;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lIkxNv7MVI;License: Standard youtube license