Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 42, Problem 1DAA
Summary Introduction
To explain: The most common type of birth defect in the single-birth group.
Concept introduction: During the gestation period, the mother can have single births or multiple births. A single birth is where only one fetus is carried during the gestation period in the womb. A multiple birth is where more than one fetus is carried during the gestation period such as twins, triplets, quadruplets, and so on. Carrying more than one fetus in the womb results in the insufficient supply of nutrients to the developing fetus. These fetuses become still-born or born with abnormalities.
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Data:Total Births: 2,700 Low Birth Weight: 264Mothers with inter-gestational interval < 12 months: 92Mothers with low birth weight with inter-gestational interval < 12 months: 21Mothers with previous HTN: 18Mothers with low birth weight with previous HT: 15
A) Global or absolute risk of low birth weight.B) Relative risk for the factor "inter-gestational interval < 12 months". According to the results obtained, give your opinion as to whether there is an association or not and express it accordingly.C) Relative risk for the factor "mothers with previous HTN". According to the results obtained, give your opinion as to whether or not there is an association and express it accordingly.D) In the case of the factors in which you consider, according to the results obtained, that there is an association, calculate the Attributable Risk (AR) and the Etiological Risk Fraction (ERF), expressing in both cases their significance.
The graph in the right hand column shows the incidence of Down syndrome in the offspring of normal parents as the age of the mother increases. For women under the age of 30, how many infants with Down syndrome are born per 1,000 births? How many for women at age 40? At age 50? How many times more likely is a 50-year-old woman to give birth to a baby with Down syndrome than a 30-year-old woman?
What is the expected ratio of male to female birth ?
Chapter 42 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 42 - The end product of cleavage is a __________. a....Ch. 42 - The outermost germ layer in a vertebrate gastrula...Ch. 42 - Prob. 3SQCh. 42 - Match each term with the most suitable...Ch. 42 - In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the...Ch. 42 - The ________, a fluid-filled sac, surrounds and...Ch. 42 - Prob. 1DAACh. 42 - Prob. 2DAACh. 42 - Prob. 3DAACh. 42 - Birth Defects and Multiple Births A woman who...
Ch. 42 - The placenta consists of __________. a. embryonic...Ch. 42 - During the fetal period, ____________. a....Ch. 42 - Prob. 9SQCh. 42 - Match each hormone with its action(s). ______...Ch. 42 - Prob. 11SQCh. 42 - Prob. 12SQCh. 42 - Prob. 13SQCh. 42 - Prob. 14SQCh. 42 - Prob. 15SQCh. 42 - The rubella virus causes German measles. If a...Ch. 42 - Prob. 2CTCh. 42 - Prob. 3CT
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- Birth Defects and Multiple Births A woman who carries multiple offspring at the same time increases the risk of some birth defects. FIGURE 42.18 shows the results of Yiwei Tang's study of birth defects reported in Florida from 1W6 to 2000. Tang compared the incidence of various defects among single and multiple births. She calculated the relative risk for each type of defect based on type of birth, and corrected for other differences that might increase risk such as maternal age, income, race, and medical care during pregnancy. A relative risk of less than 1 means that multiple births pose less risk of that defect occurring. A relative risk greater than 1 means multiples are more likely to have a defect. FIGURE 42.18 Prevalence, per 10,000 live births, of various types of birth defects among multiple aria single births. Relative risk for each defect is given after researches adjusted for the motor's age, race, previous adverse pregnancy experience, education, Medicaid participation during pregnancy, as well as the infant's sex and number of siblings. 4. Does a multiple pregnancy increase the relative risk of chromosomal defects in offspring?arrow_forwardIs birth rate is density dependent or density independent?arrow_forwardHow Big Should Each Offspring Be? Can you please use examples for the reading,arrow_forward
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