Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 41, Problem 3CT
Some sperm mitochondria enter an egg during fertilization, but as sperm nature these mitochondria are tagged with a protein (ubiquitin) that marks them for destruction. What organelle carries out this destruction process?
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As a sperm cell finally approaches its final target, its acrosome becomes activated. The acrosome is a specialized organelle found in the cell’s head region and activation results in the exocytosis of several types of proteolytic enzymes.
Name 2 specific proteins you might expect the enzymes released by the acrosome to breakdown. What purpose does this play in the fertilization of the egg? Explain your reasoning.
Sperm need significant amounts of ATP to fuel their travel through the reproductive tract. This ATP is generated via oxidative metabolism of the glucose and fructose contained in the seminal fluid.
These sugars are large polar molecules that enter sperm cells via glucose transporters or GLUTS. One such GLUT protein is depicted in the image below. When GLUTS recognize and bind glucose, they undergo a conformational change releasing glucose on the other side of the membrane. Due to the persistent high energy demands of the sperm cell, these sugars are continually being catabolized (broken down).
GLUTs mediate what type of transport of glucose and fructose across the membrane? ________________ Is this an active or passive process? _________________
What type of transport protein are the GLUTs described in this question? ___________________
How many transmembrane domains does this GLUT have? _______________
In mitosis, why do the chromosomes need to condense in prophase and line up in metaphase? (To be clear, this is asking about the usefulness of these specific actions, not just that those things need to happen as part of the overall process.)
Chapter 41 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 41 - Sexual reproduction ___ . a. requires formation of...Ch. 41 - The ___ is a genetic dead end. a. polar body b....Ch. 41 - Prob. 3SQCh. 41 - Prob. 4SQCh. 41 - Prob. 5SQCh. 41 - Prob. 6SQCh. 41 - Male germ cells divide by meiosis inside the...Ch. 41 - Prob. 1DAACh. 41 - Prob. 2DAACh. 41 - Prob. 3DAA
Ch. 41 - Prob. 4DAACh. 41 - A male attains an erection when ___ . a. muscles...Ch. 41 - Prob. 9SQCh. 41 - Prob. 10SQCh. 41 - Prob. 11SQCh. 41 - Match each disease with the type of organism that...Ch. 41 - Prob. 13SQCh. 41 - Match each hormone with its source. ____ FSH and...Ch. 41 - Prob. 1CTCh. 41 - Fraternal twins are nonidentical siblings that...Ch. 41 - Some sperm mitochondria enter an egg during...
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- Match the stage of mitosis with the following key events.arrow_forwardWhy is cell furrowing important in cell division? If cytokinesis did not occur, what would be the end result?arrow_forwardWhich of the following does not occur during interphase? (a) (b) (c) (d) DNA is replicated. Spindle fibres form. New organelles are formed. The cell size increases.arrow_forward
- Even though cytokinesis is included with Mitosis, we generally consider it to be its own phase. Why? by the time cytokinesis occurs, the cell has already split by the time cytokinesis occurs, the cytoplasm has already split by the time cytokinesis occurs, the nucleus has already split by the time cytokinesis occurs, the cell has copied all of its chromosomesarrow_forwardRight after the fertilization process, the zygote polarizes first its membrane and then its cytoplasm. Please draw a diagram identifying the main molecular events that induce the membrane polarization of the zygote.arrow_forwardSperm and eggs have one-half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells that divided to form them. Are sperm and eggs formed by mitosis? Explain.arrow_forward
- (a) the cell cycle is divided into different phases (referred to as M, G0, G1, S and G2); Can you account for what happens during the different parts of the cycle and out of it is checked? ( b) What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis? ( c) What are caspases and what is their function in the cell?arrow_forwardThese types of proteins are responsible for all the following events during cell division: movement of "chromosomes" to poles, sliding of non-kinetochore microtubules pushing the two ends of the cell apart, and also the production of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. They are called _ _ (two words)arrow_forwardThe end result of mitosis and cytokinesis is A) two cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the mother cell B) three cells, one of which is twice the size of the other two C) two cells identical in size and genetic material D) two cells identical in genetic material, but one is smaller than the otherarrow_forward
- Which of the following is NOT correct answer about telophase of mitosis: The mitotic spindle is formed in this phase Two new nuclei form, and two sets of chromosomes Nuclear membrane and nucleoid reappear in this phase The enzyme aminoacyl TRNA synthetase charges the TRNA molecules with the correct amino acids FRNA molecules with the correct amino acids MRNA molecules with the correct amino acidsarrow_forwardName the phases of the cell cycle. b) During which phases are the chromosomes and then the cytoplasm split, respectively? c) Describe one mechanism that is used to regulate the cell cycle.arrow_forwardIn normally dividing cells, once chromosomes have been properly segregated via the steps of mitosis, the two resulting “daughter cells” separate. In animal cells (and other cell types without a cell wall) the contractile ring plays a crucial role in the process of cytokinesis. Exactly how the contractile ring is accurately positioned, so as to be located midway between the two poles (ends) of the dividing cell, is still not fully understood, although factors released from the mitotic spindle are thought to play a role.Regardless of the precise positioning mechanism, one key player in the assembly of the contractile ring is the GTP/GDP binding protein Rho. In its active form, Rho can stimulate the activity of the actin-binding protein formin and (via effects on the myosin regulatory light chain) that of myosin II. Given their respective roles, why might activation of formin and myosin II be beneficial as cells assemble a functional contractile ring structure?arrow_forward
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