Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 40, Problem 1CT
The kangaroo rat kidney efficiently produces a very small volume of urine (Section 40.2). Compared to a human, its nephrons have a loop of Henle that is proportionally much longer. Explain how a long loop helps the rat conserve water.
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The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids.
Explain how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.
The kidney of a cactus wren is less efficient at concentrating urine than are the kidneys of a kangaroo rat. However, the cactus wren produces less urine. Explain this apparent contradiction.
Part A
Why is control over blood [Ca2+] and [Red Blood Cell] crucial? Choose one hormone involved in either of these homeostatic systems that regulate the concentration of these ions/cells and describe how it functions in homeostasis. Remember to include the name of the gland that secretes it.
Part B
Choose one molecule that is reabsorbed by the nephron and describe the process by which it is reabsorbed.
Chapter 40 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 40 - Prob. 1SQCh. 40 - Body fluids of a marine bony fish have a solute...Ch. 40 - Bowman's capsule, the start of the tubular part of...Ch. 40 - Fluid that enters Bowman's capsule flows directly...Ch. 40 - Prob. 1DAACh. 40 - Prob. 2DAACh. 40 - Prob. 3DAACh. 40 - Prob. 4DAACh. 40 - Blood pressure forces water and small solutes into...Ch. 40 - Kidneys return most of the water and small solutes...
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- As the text noted, two-thirds of the water and solutes that the body reclaims by reabsorption in nephrons occurs in the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule cells have large numbers of mitochondria and demand a great deal of oxygen. Explain why.arrow_forwardWhich of the following does not contribute to the process of filtration? (a) active transport by epithelial cells lining renal tubules (b) large surface area for filtration (c) low permeability of glomerular capillaries (d) high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries (e) podocytesarrow_forwardFatty tissue holds the kidneys in place. Extremely rapid weight loss may cause this tissue to shrink so that the kidneys slip from their normal position. On rare occasions, the slippage can put a kink in one or both ureters and block urine flow. Suggest what might then happen to the kidneys.arrow_forward
- As a person ages, nephron tubules lose some of their ability to concentrate urine. What is the effect of this change?arrow_forwardExplain how the kidneys help to maintain the balance of acids and bases in extracellular fluid.arrow_forwardWater and small solutes enter nephrons during ________. a. filtration b. reabsorption c. secretion d. both a and barrow_forward
- Flame cells are primitive excretory organs found in. arthropods annelids mammals flatwormsarrow_forwardWhich of the following does not contribute to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla? (a) active transport of sodium from the upper part of the ascending limb (b) diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (c) reabsorption of salt from various regions of Bowmans capsule (d) counterflow of fluid through the two limbs of the loop of Henle (e) diffusion of urea out of the collecting ductarrow_forwardWhy is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?arrow_forward
- The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the (a) renal artery (b) efferent arteriole (c) renal vein (d) capillaries of the glomerulus (e) peritubular capillariesarrow_forwardWhat are the unique features of Henle loops that contribute to countercurrent multiplication during urine production? Provide an explanation of how countercurrent multiplication is facilitated in nephrons, including all the factors that contribute to it.arrow_forwardThe desert kangaroo rat does not produce dilute, liquid urine, but instead produces thick, highlyconcentrated urine. Explain how having loops of Henle that are proportionally longer than otherterrestrial animals allows for this. How is production of thick, concentrated urine advantageous toa desert animal?arrow_forward
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