Chapter 4, Problem 4B.8E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of phases and components present in the given closed system has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Phase rule:

$\text{F}=\text{C-P+2}\boxed{\begin{array}{l}\text{Where,}\\ \text{F}\text{=}\text{degrees}\text{of}\text{freedom}\\ \text{C=}\text{number}\text{of}\text{components}\\ \text{P}\text{=}\text{number}\text{of}\text{phases}\end{array}}$

Degree of freedom (F) is the number of external variables that can be changed independently without disturbing the number of phases in equilibrium. These are pressure, temperature and composition.

Component: A chemically independent constituent of a system.

Number of components (C) is the minimum number of independent species necessary to define the composition of all the phase present in the system.

A state of matter that is uniform throughout in chemical composition and physical state is known as phase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of degrees of freedom present in the given closed system has to be determined and identified.

Concept introduction:

Phase rule:

$\text{F}=\text{C-P+2}\boxed{\begin{array}{l}\text{Where,}\\ \text{F}\text{=}\text{degrees}\text{of}\text{freedom}\\ \text{C=}\text{number}\text{of}\text{components}\\ \text{P}\text{=}\text{number}\text{of}\text{phases}\end{array}}$

Degree of freedom (F) is the number of external variables that can be changed independently without disturbing the number of phases in equilibrium. These are pressure, temperature and composition.

Component: A chemically independent constituent of a system.

Number of components (C) is the minimum number of independent species necessary to define the composition of all the phase present in the system.

A state of matter that is uniform throughout in chemical composition and physical state is known as phase.