Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781119494966
Author: Borgnakke, C. (claus), Sonntag, Richard Edwin, Author.
Publisher: Wiley,
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Chapter 4, Problem 4.91P
Steam at
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Number 3
Steam @ 500 C and 3500 kPa enters a
nozzle at a velocity of 30 m/s and leaves
as saturated vapor at 100 kPa, steam
experiences a heat loss of 128 kg/ş to
the surroundings which are at 25 C.
What is the actual exit velocity (m/s)?
Air is compressed steadily by a compressor from 100 kPa and 27°C to 800 kPa and 300°C.
The mass flow rate of the air is 10 kg/min. During the process, the heat is lost from the
compressor at a rate of 5 kW to the surrounding at 27°C. Assume air to be an ideal gas and
the changes in kinetic and potential energies can be neglected.
Q4
a) Determine the power required by the compressor, kW.
b) Find the minimum power required by the compressor, kW.
c) Calculate the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, %.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics
Ch. 4 - A temperature difference drives a heat transfer...Ch. 4 - What is the effect can be felt upstream in a flow?Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.3PCh. 4 - Air at 500 kPa is expanded to l00 kPa in two...Ch. 4 - A windmill takes out a fraction of the wind...Ch. 4 - An underwater turbine extracts a fraction of the...Ch. 4 - A liquid water turbine at the bottom of a dam...Ch. 4 - You blow a balloon up with air. What kinds of work...Ch. 4 - Storage tanks of cryogenic liquids (O2,N2,CH4) are...Ch. 4 - A large brewery has a pipe of cross-sectional area...
Ch. 4 - A pool is to be filled with 60m3 water from a...Ch. 4 - Natural gas, CH4 , flowing in a 5cm -diameter pipe...Ch. 4 - A boiler receives a constant flow of 5000kg/h...Ch. 4 - A 0.6m -diameter household fan takes air in at...Ch. 4 - Liquid water at 15°C flows out of nozzle straight...Ch. 4 - A nozzle receives an ideal gas flow with a...Ch. 4 - In a jet engine a flow afar at 1000K,200kPa, and...Ch. 4 - The wind is blowing horizontally at 30m/s in a...Ch. 4 - A meteorite hits the upper atmosphere at 3000m/s ,...Ch. 4 - Carbon dioxide is throttled from 20C,2000kPa to...Ch. 4 - Saturated liquid R-410A at 25°C is throttled to...Ch. 4 - Carbon dioxide used as a natural refrigerant flows...Ch. 4 - Liquid water at 180C,2000kPa is throttled into a...Ch. 4 - Methane at 1MPa,250K is throttled through a valve...Ch. 4 - A steam turbine has an n1et of 3kg/s water at 1200...Ch. 4 - Air at 20m/s,1500K,875kPa with 5kg/s flows into a...Ch. 4 - Solve the previous problem using Table A.7.Ch. 4 - A wind turbine can extract at most a fraction...Ch. 4 - A liquid water turbine receives 2kg/s water at...Ch. 4 - A small high-speed turbine operating on compressed...Ch. 4 - Hoover Dam across the Colorado River dams up Lake...Ch. 4 - What is the specific work one can get from Hoover...Ch. 4 - R-410A in a commercial refrigerator flows into the...Ch. 4 - A compressor brings nitrogen from 100kPa,290K to...Ch. 4 - A refrigerator uses the natural refrigerant carbon...Ch. 4 - A factory generates compressed air from l00kPa,17C...Ch. 4 - A compressor brings R-134a from...Ch. 4 - An exhaust fan in a building should be able to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.39PCh. 4 - The air conditioner in a house or a car has a...Ch. 4 - A boiler section boils 3kg/s saturated liquid...Ch. 4 - A superheater takes 3kg/s saturated water vapor in...Ch. 4 - Carbon dioxide enters a steady-state, steady-flow...Ch. 4 - Find the heat transfer in Problem 4.13.Ch. 4 - A chiller cools liquid water for air-conditioning...Ch. 4 - Saturated liquid nitrogen at 600 kPa enters a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.47PCh. 4 - Liquid nitrogen at 90K,400kPa flows into a probe...Ch. 4 - Liquid glycol flows around an engine, cooling it...Ch. 4 - An irrigation pump takes water from a river at...Ch. 4 - A pipe from one building to another flows water at...Ch. 4 - A river flowing at 0.5m/s across a 1-m-high and...Ch. 4 - A cutting tool uses a nozzle that generates a...Ch. 4 - An adiabatic steam turbine in a power plant...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.55PCh. 4 - A steam turbine receives steam from two boilers...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.57PCh. 4 - Prob. 4.58PCh. 4 - A condenser (heat exchanger) brings 1kg/s water...Ch. 4 - Steam at 500kPa,300C is used to heat cold water at...Ch. 4 - A dual-fluid heat exchanger has 5kg/s water...Ch. 4 - An energy recovery heat exchanger, shown in Fig....Ch. 4 - Do the previous problem if the water is heated to...Ch. 4 - In a co-flowing (same-direction) heat exchanger,...Ch. 4 - An a water counter flowing heat exchanger has one...Ch. 4 - An automotive radiator has glycol at 95°C enter...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.67PCh. 4 - Two air flows are combined to a single flow. One...Ch. 4 - An open feedwater heater in a power plant heats...Ch. 4 - A de-superheater has a flow of ammonia of 1.5kg/s...Ch. 4 - A mixing chamber with heat transfer receives 2kg/s...Ch. 4 - A geothermal supply of hot water at 500kPa,150C is...Ch. 4 - A flow of 5kg/s water at l00kPa,20C should be...Ch. 4 - A two-stage compressor takes nitrogen ri at...Ch. 4 - The intercooler in the previous problem uses cold...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.76PCh. 4 - A modern jet engine has a temperature after...Ch. 4 - A proposal is made to use a geothermal supply of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.79PCh. 4 - An initially empty canister of volume 0.2m3 is...Ch. 4 - Repeat the previous problem but use the line...Ch. 4 - A tank contains 1m3 air at 100kPa,300K . A pipe...Ch. 4 - A 2.5L tank initially is empty, and we want to...Ch. 4 - An insulated 2m3 tank is to be charged with R-134a...Ch. 4 - Repeat the previous problem if the valve is closed...Ch. 4 - A 3m3 ? cryogenic storage tank contains nitrogen...Ch. 4 - A nitrogen line at 300K,0.5MPa , shown in Fig....Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.88PCh. 4 - A 200L tank (see Fig. P4.89) initially contains...Ch. 4 - A 1-L can of R-410A is at room temperature, 20°C,...Ch. 4 - Steam at 3MPa,400C enters a turbine with a...Ch. 4 - In a glass factory a 2m -wide sheet of glass at...Ch. 4 - Assume a setup similar to that of the previous...Ch. 4 - Three a flows, all at 200 kPa, e connected to the...Ch. 4 - A 1m3,40kg rigid steel tank contains air at 500...Ch. 4 - An insulated spring-loaded piston/cylinder device,...Ch. 4 - A piston/cyl. setup like Fig. 4.96 is such that at...Ch. 4 - A mass-loaded piston/cylinder shown in Fig. P4.98,...Ch. 4 - A flow of 2kg/s of water at 500kPa,20C is heated...Ch. 4 - Refrigerant R-410A at l00psia,60F flows at...Ch. 4 - A pool is to be filled with 2500ft3 water from a...Ch. 4 - Liquid water at 60 F flows out of a nozzle...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.103EPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.104EPCh. 4 - Nitrogen gas flows into a convergent nozzle at...Ch. 4 - A meteorite hits the upper atmosphere at 10000ft/s...Ch. 4 - Refrigerant R-410A flows out of a cooler at...Ch. 4 - Saturated vapor R-410A at 75 psia is throttled to...Ch. 4 - A wind turbine can exact at most a fraction 16/27...Ch. 4 - A liquid water turbine receives 4Ibm/s water at...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.111EPCh. 4 - What is the specific work one can get from Hoover...Ch. 4 - A small-speed turbine operating on compressed air...Ch. 4 - R.410A in a commercial refigerator flows into the...Ch. 4 - An exhaust fan in a building should be able to...Ch. 4 - Carbon dioxide gas enters a steady-state,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.117EPCh. 4 - Liquid glycol flows around an engine, cooling t as...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.119EPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.120EPCh. 4 - Do the previous problem if the water is just...Ch. 4 - A dual-fluid heat exchanger has l0Ibm/s water...Ch. 4 - Steam at 80psia,600F is used to heat cold water at...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.124EPCh. 4 - Two flows of air are both at 30 psia one has...Ch. 4 - A de-superheater has a flow of ammonia of 3Ibm/s...Ch. 4 - A two-stage compressor takes nitrogen n at...Ch. 4 - The intercooler in the previous problem uses cold...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.129EPCh. 4 - Prob. 4.130EPCh. 4 - A tank contains l0ft3 of air at 15psia,540R . A...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.132EPCh. 4 - In a glass factory a 6 ft-wide sheet of glass at...Ch. 4 - A mass-loaded piston/cylinder containing air is at...
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- Q5: A cylinder piston contains 1001 air at 110 kPa. The air is then compressed in a reversible polytropic process to a final state of 800 kPa & 0.0218m³; ass assume that the heat transfer is40.28 kj/kg to the ambient. Determine the polytropic index, the initial and final temperature of the air, the mass of the air and the total entropy generation assuming the initial temperature as a surrounding temperature.arrow_forwardEntropy and ideal steady devices 1. H2O flows through a reversible adiabatic turbine. The inlet condition is 1000 F and 400 psia. The outlet condition is 10 psia. The turbine produces 100 hp. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy a. Draw the process curve on a T-s diagram. Show the saturation dome and label the inlet and exit states b. Find the enthalpy and entropy at the inlet c. Find the enthalpy at the exit d. Compute the mass flow rate e. Compute the rate of entropy generationarrow_forwardInitially a 0.5 m3 rigid tank contains Refrigerant-134a at 200 kPa and 40 percent quality.Then heat was transferred to the refrigerant from a source at 35 °C until the pressure riseto 400 kPa. Determine i) entropy change of the refrigerant, Sr, ii) entropy change of the heat source, Sh, iii) total entropy change for this process Stotal.arrow_forward
- An 8 kW compressor blows the air at 22 C and 100 kPa to 1600 kPa. reversibly to the pressure (P v n = constant). In addition, heat transfer to the surrounding environment at 22 °C. is happening. (n = 1.33) a) Find the compressor work expression (integrating) according to the Pvn interchange and the result is n, R, T1, Express it in terms of P1, P2. b) Find the mass flow and outlet temperature of the air. c) Find the total irreversibility by applying the exergy balance. d) Find the isentropic efficiency of the compressor (k=1.4). e) In case of using two compressors with intercooler, the intermediate pressure (Px) is in terms of P1 and P2. take the derivative and find the total compressor power in this case and add it to a single compressor. Determine your gain in kW according toarrow_forward45g per second of air flows through a gas turbine which is expanding from 1500kPa to 100kPa in polytropic manner. The inlet air velocity is 100m/s at temperature of 2000K, while the air velocity at the exit is 600m/s. If the polytropic exponent n is 1.35. What is the generated power, rate of heat transfer, rate of enthalpy change?arrow_forwardConsider the mixing chamber shown in the figure below. In the device, 2.2 kg/s ammonia at 1000 kPa, 200°C is mixed with another flow of ammonia at 25°C and quality 40%. There is a heat loss of 6 kJ/s to the ambient. (a) If the outgoing ammonia is saturated vapor at 1000 kPa, find the volumetric flow rate of the second flow. (b) If the mixing chamber was insulated, what would be the phase of the ammonia exiting the device? Explain. Inlet 1 1 Inlet 2 NH3 Exitarrow_forward
- 5. A cylinder piston contains 100/ air at 110 kPa. The air is then compressed in a reversible polytropic process to a final state of 800 kPa & 0.0218m³; assume that the heat transfer is40.28 kj/kg to the ambient. Determine the polytropic index, the initial and final temperature of the air, the mass of the air and the total entropy generation assuming the initial temperature as a surrounding temperature.arrow_forwardIn a closed container with a constant volume, there is air at a temperature of 300 K and a pressure of 150 kPa. 800 kj mixing work is being done from the environment to the cab and the container gives 100 kj heat to the environment.Since the volume of the cab is 3 m³ and the boundary temperature between the cab and the environment is 350, a) determine the final temperature of the air. b) find the amount of entropy produced in the state change as kj/K. Note: specific temperatures are constant.arrow_forwardRefrigerant 134a enters a compressor at 1.0 bar asa saturated vapor with a mass flow rate of 0.9 kg/min andleaves at 8.0 bar. The heat rejected from the refrigerantduring the compression process is 140 kJ/min. If thepower supplied to the compressor is 3.0 kW, what is thetemperature of R-134a at the exit of the compressor?arrow_forward
- In a cycle, a 4kg ideal gas(MW=3g/mol and k=2.3) confined in a controlled mass system went through three processes.the gas was started at 20kPa and 310K in the first process, and it was isometrically increased by 30kPa. The gas subject to 400Kusing a process defined by PV^3=C.It returns to its original state polytropically.Calculate the entropy change for each process.arrow_forwardThere is air at a temperature of 300 K and a pressure of 150 kPa in a closed container of constant volume. 800 kJ of mixing work is done from the environment to the container and the container gives 100 kJ of heat to the environment. Since the volume of the container is 3 m3 and the boundary temperature between the container and the environment is 350,a) Determine the final temperature of the air.b) Find the amount of entropy produced in the process, as kj/K.Note: Specific heats are constant.arrow_forwardQ.) A piston-cylinder device contains air at initially 1000 kPa and 200°C. The air is first expanded isothermally to 600 kPa, 0.2 m' then compressed Polytropically with an unknown Polytropic exponent to the initial pressure and double the initial volume (Vi), and finally expanded at a constant pressure to the initial state. Draw the PV diagram of the cycle and then determine: 1. The boundary work of the entire cycle (W). Is this a practical cycle? II. Internal energy change (AU) during the polytropic process. III. Heat (Q) during the isobaric process.arrow_forward
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