(a) Interpretation: Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted. Concept Introduction: Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shape around the four indicated atoms should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

To determine the shape around a given atom, first number of groups around that atom should be determined. Group is referred to an atom or a lone pair. Then the shape is determined by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory(VSEPR). According to this theory the groups around an atom are as far away from each other as possible in the most stable arrangement of a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All polar bonds in glycine should be labeled.

Concept Introduction:

The electronegativity difference can be used to differentiate bonds as polar, polar covalent and ionic bonds in different compounds.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is nonpolar in which electrons are equally shared. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 − 1.9, the bond is polar covalent, in which electrons are unequally shared, the electron density is more towards electronegative atom. For electronegativity difference more than 1.9, the bond is ionic, in which electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Whether the glycine is a polar molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Polarity of a molecule depends on the individual bonds and the overall shape. If a molecule has no polar bonds, then the molecule is nonpolar. If the molecule has one polar bond, then the molecule is considered to be polar. If a molecule has more than one polar bond, the shape of the molecule determines the polarity of the molecule. If the bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. If they get cancelled, the molecule is non-polar.

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Students have asked these similar questions

a. What is the eluent used in the column chromatography here (a “silica plug filtration” is essentially a very short column)? b. The spectroscopy of compound 5b is described in the second half of this excerpt, including 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR (which you will learn about in CHEM 2412L), MS (which you will learn about later in CHEM 2411L) and IR. One of the IR signals is at 3530 cm-1. What functional group does this indicate might be present in compound 5b?

Steps and explanations. Also provide, if possible, ways to adress this kind of problems in general.

a. The first three lines of this procedure describe the reaction used to make compound 5b. In the fourth line, hexane and sodium bicarbonate are added. What organic lab technique is being used here? b. What is the purpose of the Na2SO4? c. What equipment would you use to “concentrate [a solution] under reduced pressure”?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shape around the four indicated atoms should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

To determine the shape around a given atom, first number of groups around that atom should be determined. Group is referred to an atom or a lone pair. Then the shape is determined by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory(VSEPR). According to this theory the groups around an atom are as far away from each other as possible in the most stable arrangement of a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All polar bonds in glycine should be labeled.

Concept Introduction:

The electronegativity difference can be used to differentiate bonds as polar, polar covalent and ionic bonds in different compounds.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is nonpolar in which electrons are equally shared. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 − 1.9, the bond is polar covalent, in which electrons are unequally shared, the electron density is more towards electronegative atom. For electronegativity difference more than 1.9, the bond is ionic, in which electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Whether the glycine is a polar molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Polarity of a molecule depends on the individual bonds and the overall shape. If a molecule has no polar bonds, then the molecule is nonpolar. If the molecule has one polar bond, then the molecule is considered to be polar. If a molecule has more than one polar bond, the shape of the molecule determines the polarity of the molecule. If the bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. If they get cancelled, the molecule is non-polar.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shape around the four indicated atoms should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

To determine the shape around a given atom, first number of groups around that atom should be determined. Group is referred to an atom or a lone pair. Then the shape is determined by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory(VSEPR). According to this theory the groups around an atom are as far away from each other as possible in the most stable arrangement of a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All polar bonds in glycine should be labeled.

Concept Introduction:

The electronegativity difference can be used to differentiate bonds as polar, polar covalent and ionic bonds in different compounds.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is nonpolar in which electrons are equally shared. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 − 1.9, the bond is polar covalent, in which electrons are unequally shared, the electron density is more towards electronegative atom. For electronegativity difference more than 1.9, the bond is ionic, in which electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Whether the glycine is a polar molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Polarity of a molecule depends on the individual bonds and the overall shape. If a molecule has no polar bonds, then the molecule is nonpolar. If the molecule has one polar bond, then the molecule is considered to be polar. If a molecule has more than one polar bond, the shape of the molecule determines the polarity of the molecule. If the bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. If they get cancelled, the molecule is non-polar.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shape around the four indicated atoms should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

To determine the shape around a given atom, first number of groups around that atom should be determined. Group is referred to an atom or a lone pair. Then the shape is determined by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory(VSEPR). According to this theory the groups around an atom are as far away from each other as possible in the most stable arrangement of a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All polar bonds in glycine should be labeled.

Concept Introduction:

The electronegativity difference can be used to differentiate bonds as polar, polar covalent and ionic bonds in different compounds.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is nonpolar in which electrons are equally shared. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 − 1.9, the bond is polar covalent, in which electrons are unequally shared, the electron density is more towards electronegative atom. For electronegativity difference more than 1.9, the bond is ionic, in which electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Whether the glycine is a polar molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Polarity of a molecule depends on the individual bonds and the overall shape. If a molecule has no polar bonds, then the molecule is nonpolar. If the molecule has one polar bond, then the molecule is considered to be polar. If a molecule has more than one polar bond, the shape of the molecule determines the polarity of the molecule. If the bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. If they get cancelled, the molecule is non-polar.

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Answer 5

Chapter 4, Problem 4.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shape around the four indicated atoms should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

To determine the shape around a given atom, first number of groups around that atom should be determined. Group is referred to an atom or a lone pair. Then the shape is determined by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory(VSEPR). According to this theory the groups around an atom are as far away from each other as possible in the most stable arrangement of a molecule.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All polar bonds in glycine should be labeled.

Concept Introduction:

The electronegativity difference can be used to differentiate bonds as polar, polar covalent and ionic bonds in different compounds.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is nonpolar in which electrons are equally shared. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 − 1.9, the bond is polar covalent, in which electrons are unequally shared, the electron density is more towards electronegative atom. For electronegativity difference more than 1.9, the bond is ionic, in which electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Whether the glycine is a polar molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Polarity of a molecule depends on the individual bonds and the overall shape. If a molecule has no polar bonds, then the molecule is nonpolar. If the molecule has one polar bond, then the molecule is considered to be polar. If a molecule has more than one polar bond, the shape of the molecule determines the polarity of the molecule. If the bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. If they get cancelled, the molecule is non-polar.

Answer 6

Chapter 4, Problem 4.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

Answer 7

Chapter 4, Problem 4.89P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Lone pairs should be added where needed and the total number of valence electrons in glycine should be counted.

Concept Introduction:

Valence electrons are the electrons reside in valence shell of an atom and valence electrons are the ones which participate in bonding. In main group elements, group number equals to the number of valence electrons. The sum gives the total number of valence electrons in a molecule.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shape around the four indicated atoms should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

To determine the shape around a given atom, first number of groups around that atom should be determined. Group is referred to an atom or a lone pair. Then the shape is determined by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory(VSEPR). According to this theory the groups around an atom are as far away from each other as possible in the most stable arrangement of a molecule.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The shape around the four indicated atoms should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

To determine the shape around a given atom, first number of groups around that atom should be determined. Group is referred to an atom or a lone pair. Then the shape is determined by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory(VSEPR). According to this theory the groups around an atom are as far away from each other as possible in the most stable arrangement of a molecule.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All polar bonds in glycine should be labeled.

Concept Introduction:

The electronegativity difference can be used to differentiate bonds as polar, polar covalent and ionic bonds in different compounds.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is nonpolar in which electrons are equally shared. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 − 1.9, the bond is polar covalent, in which electrons are unequally shared, the electron density is more towards electronegative atom. For electronegativity difference more than 1.9, the bond is ionic, in which electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

All polar bonds in glycine should be labeled.

Concept Introduction:

The electronegativity difference can be used to differentiate bonds as polar, polar covalent and ionic bonds in different compounds.

If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is nonpolar in which electrons are equally shared. If the electronegativity difference is between 0.5 − 1.9, the bond is polar covalent, in which electrons are unequally shared, the electron density is more towards electronegative atom. For electronegativity difference more than 1.9, the bond is ionic, in which electrons has been transferred from the less electronegative atom to more electronegative atom.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Whether the glycine is a polar molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Polarity of a molecule depends on the individual bonds and the overall shape. If a molecule has no polar bonds, then the molecule is nonpolar. If the molecule has one polar bond, then the molecule is considered to be polar. If a molecule has more than one polar bond, the shape of the molecule determines the polarity of the molecule. If the bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. If they get cancelled, the molecule is non-polar.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

Whether the glycine is a polar molecule should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Polarity of a molecule depends on the individual bonds and the overall shape. If a molecule has no polar bonds, then the molecule is nonpolar. If the molecule has one polar bond, then the molecule is considered to be polar. If a molecule has more than one polar bond, the shape of the molecule determines the polarity of the molecule. If the bond dipoles do not cancel, the molecule is polar. If they get cancelled, the molecule is non-polar.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 4.1 - Use electron-dot symbols to show how a hydrogen...Ch. 4.1 - Use electron-dot symbols to show how two chlorine...Ch. 4.1 - How many covalent bonds are predicted for each...Ch. 4.1 - Fill in the lone pairs on each atom to give every...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 4.5P Ch. 4.1 - Draw a Lewis structure for each covalent molecule....Ch. 4.1 - Draw a Lewis structure for dimethyl ether (C2H6O)...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 4.8P Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 4.9P Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 4.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that lone pairs should be added to the atoms in glycine and the total number of valence electrons.

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