Chapter 4, Problem 40A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of electrons that must be gained or lost to form the ion of Al, is to be determined. The total number of electrons in the ion is to be indicated

Concept introduction: Charge tells the number of electrons. For a neutral atom, charge is zero but if an electron is removed, atom becomes positive charge and if an electron is added, atom becomes negative charge.

Answer to Problem 40A

Lost 3 electrons.

Explanation of Solution

Given information, $\text{Al}\to {\text{Al}}^{\text{3+}}$

To find the total number of electrons present in the negative ions given, first note the atomic numbers of the ions.

Then, note the charge given and add/subtract them to the atomic number.

Therefore, $\text{Electron}\text{present}=\text{Atomic}\text{number}\pm \text{Charge}$

Atomic number of Al is 13. Therefore, the total number of electrons present is 10, since , the charge given is 3+ and it lost 3 electrons.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of electrons that must be gained or lost to form the ion of S is to be determined. The total number of electrons in the ion is to be indicated, and in the atom from which it was made.

Concept introduction: Charge tells the number of electrons. For a neutral atom, charge is zero but if an electron is removed, atom becomes positive charge and if an electron is added, atom becomes negative charge.

Answer to Problem 40A

Gained 2 electrons.

Explanation of Solution

Given information, $\text{S}\to {\text{S}}^{2-}$

To find the total number of electrons present in the negative ions given, first note the atomic numbers of the ions.

Then, note the charge given and add/subtract them to the atomic number.

Therefore, $\text{Electron}\text{present}=\text{Atomic}\text{number}\pm \text{Charge}$

Atomic number of S is 16. Therefore, the total number of electrons present is 18, since , the charge given is 2- and it lost 2 electrons.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of electrons that must be gained or lost to form the ion of Cu is to be determined. The total number of electrons in the ion, and in the atom from which it was made, is to be indicated.

Concept introduction: Charge tells the number of electrons. For a neutral atom, charge is zero but if an electron is removed, atom becomes positive charge and if an electron is added, atom becomes negative charge.

Answer to Problem 40A

Lost 1 electron.

Explanation of Solution

Given information, $\text{Cu}\to {\text{Cu}}^{\text{+}}$

To find the total number of electrons present in the negative ions given, first note the atomic numbers of the ions.

Then, note the charge given and add/subtract them to the atomic number.

Therefore, $\text{Electron}\text{present}=\text{Atomic}\text{number}\pm \text{Charge}$

Atomic number of C is 29. Therefore, the total number of electrons present is 28, since , the charge given is 1- and it lost 1 electrons.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of electrons that must be gained or lost to form the ion of F is to be determined

Concept introduction: Charge tells the number of electrons. For a neutral atom, charge is zero but if an electron is removed, atom becomes positive charge and if an electron is added, atom becomes negative charge.

Answer to Problem 40A

Gained 1 electron.

Explanation of Solution

Given information, $\text{F}\to {\text{F}}^{-}$

To find the total number of electrons present in the negative ions given, first note the atomic numbers of the ions.

Then, note the charge given and add/subtract them to the atomic number.

Therefore, $\text{Electron}\text{present}=\text{Atomic}\text{number}\pm \text{Charge}$

Atomic number of F is 9. Therefore, the total number of electrons present is 10, since , the charge given is 1- and it gained 1 electrons.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of electrons that must be gained or lost to form the ion of Zn is to be determined.

Concept introduction: Charge tells the number of electrons. For a neutral atom, charge is zero but if an electron is removed, atom becomes positive charge and if an electron is added, atom becomes negative charge.

Answer to Problem 40A

Lost 2 electron.

Explanation of Solution

Given information, $\text{Zn}\to {\text{Zn}}^{\text{2+}}$

To find the total number of electrons present in the negative ions given, first note the atomic numbers of the ions.

Then, note the charge given and add/subtract them to the atomic number.

Therefore, $\text{Electron}\text{present}=\text{Atomic}\text{number}\pm \text{Charge}$

Atomic number of Zn is 30. Therefore, the total number of electrons present is 28, since , the charge given is 2+ and it lost 2 electrons.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of electrons that must be gained or lost to form the ion of P is to be determined.

Concept introduction: Charge tells the number of electrons. For a neutral atom, charge is zero but if an electron is removed, atom becomes positive charge and if an electron is added, atom becomes negative charge.

Answer to Problem 40A

Gained 3 electron.

Explanation of Solution

Given information, $\text{P}\to {\text{P}}^{\text{3-}}$

To find the total number of electrons present in the negative ions given, first note the atomic numbers of the ions.

Then, note the charge given and add/subtract them to the atomic number.

Therefore, $\text{Electron}\text{present}=\text{Atomic}\text{number}\pm \text{Charge}$

Atomic number of P is 15. Therefore, the total number of electrons present is 18, since , the charge given is 3- and it gained 3 electrons.