Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781133939146
Author: Katz, Debora M.
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 36PQ
In three different driving tests, a car moves with constant speed v0. In case 1, the car passes over a mark painted on a horizontal, straight section of road. In case 2, the car passes over a mark painted at the crest of a small hill. In case 3, the car passes over a mark painted at the bottom of a small dip. The hill and the dip are circular in profile, with the same radius (Fig. P4.36). Rank the cases from greatest to least according to the magnitude of the acceleration of the car when it passes the mark. Explain.
FIGURE P4.36
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 4 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections
Ch. 4.1 - CASE STUDY How Many Dimensions? In each case,...Ch. 4.2 - Based on the particles motion diagram in Figure...Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 4.3CECh. 4.5 - Prob. 4.4CECh. 4.5 - Prob. 4.5CECh. 4.6 - A particle travels at a uniform linear speed...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 4.7CECh. 4 - Prob. 1PQCh. 4 - In each case, determine whether the object is...Ch. 4 - CASE STUDY Imagine an indoor tennis court on a...
Ch. 4 - A basketball player dribbles the ball while...Ch. 4 - A motion diagram of a bouncing ball is shown in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6PQCh. 4 - Prob. 7PQCh. 4 - Figure P4.8 shows the motion diagram of two balls,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 9PQCh. 4 - Prob. 10PQCh. 4 - Prob. 11PQCh. 4 - If a particles speed is always increasing, what...Ch. 4 - Prob. 13PQCh. 4 - An aircraft flies at constant altitude (with...Ch. 4 - A glider is initially moving at a constant height...Ch. 4 - If the vector components of the position of a...Ch. 4 - A If the vector components of a particles position...Ch. 4 - Prob. 18PQCh. 4 - A The spiral is an example of a mathematical form...Ch. 4 - A circus performer stands on a platform and throws...Ch. 4 - Anthony carelessly rolls his toy car off a...Ch. 4 - A physics student stands on a second-story balcony...Ch. 4 - During the battle of Bunker Hill, Colonel William...Ch. 4 - A During the battle of Bunker Hill, Colonel...Ch. 4 - A softball is hit with an initial velocity of 29.0...Ch. 4 - Figure P4.8 shows the motion diagram of two balls....Ch. 4 - A circus performer throws an apple toward a hoop...Ch. 4 - An arrow is fired with initial velocity v0 at an...Ch. 4 - A rock is thrown horizontally off a 56.0-m-high...Ch. 4 - A projectile is launched up and to the right over...Ch. 4 - Sienna tosses a ball from the window of her...Ch. 4 - Some cats can be trained to jump from one location...Ch. 4 - Dock diving is a great form of athletic...Ch. 4 - A graduate student discovers that the only...Ch. 4 - The bola is a traditional weapon used for tripping...Ch. 4 - In three different driving tests, a car moves with...Ch. 4 - A child swings a tennis ball attached to a 0.750-m...Ch. 4 - A Two particles A and B move at a constant speed...Ch. 4 - Prob. 39PQCh. 4 - Prob. 40PQCh. 4 - Prob. 41PQCh. 4 - A pendulum constructed with a bowling ball at the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 43PQCh. 4 - Prob. 44PQCh. 4 - Pete and Sue, two reckless teenage drivers, are...Ch. 4 - Prob. 46PQCh. 4 - Prob. 47PQCh. 4 - A brother and sister, Alan and Beth, have just...Ch. 4 - A man paddles a canoe in a long, straight section...Ch. 4 - Prob. 50PQCh. 4 - Prob. 51PQCh. 4 - Prob. 52PQCh. 4 - Suppose at one point along the Nile River a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 54PQCh. 4 - Prob. 55PQCh. 4 - Prob. 56PQCh. 4 - Prob. 57PQCh. 4 - Two bicyclists in a sprint race begin from rest...Ch. 4 - A particle has a nonzero acceleration and a...Ch. 4 - A golfer hits his approach shot at an angle of...Ch. 4 - You are watching a friend practice archery when he...Ch. 4 - Prob. 62PQCh. 4 - Prob. 63PQCh. 4 - David Beckham has lined up for one of his famous...Ch. 4 - Prob. 65PQCh. 4 - Prob. 66PQCh. 4 - Prob. 67PQCh. 4 - Frequently, a weapon must be fired at a target...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69PQCh. 4 - Prob. 70PQCh. 4 - Prob. 71PQCh. 4 - An observer sitting on a park bench watches a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 73PQCh. 4 - Prob. 74PQCh. 4 - Prob. 75PQCh. 4 - Prob. 76PQCh. 4 - Prob. 77PQCh. 4 - Prob. 78PQCh. 4 - A circus cat has been trained to leap off a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 80PQCh. 4 - An experimentalist in a laboratory finds that a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 82PQ
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