Chapter 4, Problem 22E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The preparation of $\text{1}\text{.00}\text{L}$ of $0.50\text{M}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ solution from concentrated $18.0\text{M}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ is to be described.

Concept introduction:Dilution is regarded as the process of bringing down the solute’s concentration in given solution. This is achieved by introducing more of solvent (water) to the solution. As a result, a concentrated solution is transformed to dilute solution. This method is implied in preparing various solution of required concentration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The preparation of $\text{1}\text{.00}\text{L}$ of $0.50\text{M}\text{HCl}$ solution from concentrated $12.0\text{M}\text{HCl}$ is to be described.

Concept introduction: Dilution is regarded as the process of bringing down the solute’s concentration in given solution. This is achieved by introducing more of solvent (water) to the solution. As a result, a concentrated solution is transformed to dilute solution. This method is implied in preparing various solution of required concentration.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The preparation of $\text{1}\text{.00}\text{L}$ of $0.100\text{M}{\text{NiCl}}_{\text{2}}$ solution from the salt ${\text{NiCl}}_{\text{2}}\cdot 6{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$ is to be described.

Concept introduction: A solution always contains of two components that is solute and solvent. When a certain solute’s amount is added to specific solvent, it results in solution.The solute’s amount (mass or moles) in the solution decides the solution’s concentration. Higher solute’s amount results in concentrated solutions and lower amount in dilute solutions.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The preparation of $\text{1}\text{.00}\text{L}$ of $0.50\text{M}{\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$ solution from $\text{16}\text{.0}\text{M}{\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$ concentrated solution is to be described.

Concept introduction: Dilution is regarded as the process of bringing down the solute’s concentration in given solution. This is achieved by introducing more of solvent (water) to the solution. As a result, a concentrated solution is transformed to dilute solution. This method is implied in preparing various solution of required concentration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The preparation of $\text{1}\text{.00}\text{L}$ of $0.100\text{M}{\text{Na}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}$ solution from solid ${\text{Na}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}$ is to be described.

Concept introduction: A solution always contains of two components that is solute and solvent. When a certain solute’s amount is added to specific solvent, it results in solution. The solute’s amount (mass or moles) in the solution decides the solution’s concentration. Higher solute’s amount results in concentrate solutions and lower amount in dilute solutions.