Prescott's Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259281594
Author: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood Adjunt Professor Lecturer, Christopher J. Woolverton Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 38, Problem 9CHI
Summary Introduction
To determine: The features of a specific type of viral infection that drive the evolution of the virus, and give reasons to support the answer.
Introduction: In nature, more than 400 different viruses are present that can infect humans. The viruses are categorized based on their mode of transmission and acquisition. Examples of viral diseases are Ebola hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and influenza.
Summary Introduction
To determine: An example to show that infection of epithelial cells would be favored over the infection of neurons.
Introduction: In nature, more than 400 different viruses are present that can infect humans. The viruses are categorized based on their mode of transmission and acquisition. Examples of viral diseases are Ebola hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and influenza.
Summary Introduction
To suggest: A mechanism that could be used by RNA viruses to enhance the infectivity by risking the extinction.
Introduction: In nature, more than 400 different viruses are present that can infect humans. The viruses are categorized based on their mode of transmission and acquisition. Examples of viral diseases are Ebola hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and influenza.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral
replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this
strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome?
Multiple Choice
The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities.
The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease.
Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either.
The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.
Coronaviridae is a virus “family.” There are actually many different coronaviruses within this group, including less pathogenic virus strains that cause the common cold. Many people in this course have likely been infected with one of these other coronaviruses.
A common feature of coronaviruses and other RNA viruses (think influenza virus, HIV, etc.) is that they mutate frequently. This is because the viral enzymes that copy the genome during replication can’t fix mistakes.
Given this information, how might we be able to distinguish the SARS-CoV-2 strain from some of the other, less concerning, coronavirus strains?
Viruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.), which are synthesized through enzymatic dehydration reactions from building blocks and disassembled by enzymatic hydrolysis. They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight):
Chemical components
Nucleosides
Amino acids
Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates
Percentage by weight
20
30
50
Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio):
Nucleosides
A
G
T
C
U
Percentage by mole
19
29
19
29
4
Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects…
Chapter 38 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 1MICh. 38.1 - Why is it thought that the characteristic rash is...Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 3MICh. 38.1 - Prob. 1RIACh. 38.1 - Prob. 2RIACh. 38.1 - Prob. 3RIACh. 38.1 - Prob. 4RIACh. 38.1 - Prob. 5RIACh. 38.1 - Prob. 6RIACh. 38.1 - Prob. 7RIA
Ch. 38.1 - Prob. 8RIACh. 38.3 - Prob. 1MICh. 38.3 - Prob. 2MICh. 38.3 - Prob. 1RIACh. 38.3 - Prob. 2RIACh. 38.3 - Prob. 3RIACh. 38.3 - Prob. 4RIACh. 38.3 - Prob. 5RIACh. 38.3 - Prob. 6RIACh. 38.3 - Prob. 7RIACh. 38.4 - Prob. 1RIACh. 38.4 - Prob. 2RIACh. 38.4 - Prob. 3RIACh. 38.4 - Prob. 4RIACh. 38.5 - Prob. 1MICh. 38.5 - Prob. 1RIACh. 38.5 - Prob. 2RIACh. 38.5 - Prob. 3RIACh. 38.6 - How are prions different from viruses? How are...Ch. 38.6 - In what way are spongiform encephalopathies...Ch. 38 - Prob. 1CHICh. 38 - Prob. 2CHICh. 38 - Prob. 3CHICh. 38 - Prob. 4CHICh. 38 - Will it be possible to eradicate many viral...Ch. 38 - Prob. 6CHICh. 38 - In 2005 a reconstructed influenza virus containing...Ch. 38 - Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease...Ch. 38 - Prob. 9CHI
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- As a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.arrow_forwardArrange the following list into the correct sequence for part of the cycle of a retrovirus: 1. dsDNA integrated into host DNA 2.viral proteins synthesized on host ribosomes 3. viral DNA uses host enzymes to transcribe viral RNA 4. reverse transcriptase catalyzes synthesis of ssDNA 5. synthesis of second DNA strand (a) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (b) 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (e) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5arrow_forwardMany virologists note that viruses which have a genome made up of RNA will tend to evolve faster than those viruses whose genome is made up of double-stranded DNA. What do you know about how RNA polymerase (such as the primase) replicates nucleotide sequences compared to how DNA polymerases copy DNA that might help explain this difference?arrow_forward
- You are a virologist studying a newly isolated viral strain and have sequenced its genome. You find that the genome contains 25% A, 55% G, 20% C, and 10% U. Which of the following conclusions is likely correct? This is a single-stranded RNA virus This is a single-stranded DNA virus This is a double-stranded RNA virus This is a double-stranded DNA virus No conclusions can be drawn from this informationarrow_forwardThe table below shows the properties of the genomes of three different viruses. The data were obtained as follows: Nuclease sensitivity was measured by the ability of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) or ribonuclease (RNase) to destroy the genome (a “+" means sensitivity). The ability of the genome to act as mRNA was tested by incubating it in a cell-free system. If amino acids were incorporated into protein, the data are shown as a Finally, the virus particles were tested for the presence of a virion polymerase. If an enzyme was present, the data show whether it could polymerize deoxynucleotide triphosphates (DNTPS) or nucleoside triphosphates (NTPS). "+. Genome Properties Nuclease Virion Can Genome Sensitivity? Polymerase? Be an mRNA? Virus DNase RNase With With DNTPS NTPS #1 - - #2 - - #3 For each virus, indicate the strategy of the genome, using the Baltimore classification. What is the nature of the product of the virion polymerase when present? + + + + + +arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a known characteristic that can lead to genetic changes in some viruses? Operons in the viral genome can undergo homologous recombination, leading to genetic rearrangements. Reassortment of segmented genomes can occur if a host cell is co-infected with two different viral strains. RNA polymerases used in replication of the viral genome have proofreading capability. Environmental conditions can trigger the SOS response, which triggers mutations in the viral genome.arrow_forward
- This figure shows the frequency of the different variants of the novel coronavirus over time colored as each variant. I need help understanding what the figure tells me about the relative fitnesses of the delta variant compared to the alpha variant?arrow_forwardSelect all the following statements that are TRUE regarding viruses: □ All viruses are potentially dangerous to humans because any virus can infect any host. □ Viruses are fastidious pathogens that require complex growth media. □ Viruses are noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles. □ Viruses are genomes made of RNA and DNA that lack many protein. □ Viruses can infect all other known life forms on earth, from Archaea to humans.arrow_forwardWhy is it virtually impossible to eradicate (eliminate) a disease caused by a zoonotic virus? Why are RNA viruses and retroviruses more error-prone in their replication than DNA viruses? What effect might this have on the human population?arrow_forward
- Why do scientists worry more about new strains of viruses like influenza and coronviruses as potential causes of deadly human pandemics, but they never talk about the next big Herpesvirus strain deadly pandemic? Which of the statements below helps partially answer that? We already have effective vaccines for Herpes. Influenza and CoV have more genes, more complex gene expression, and can undergo genetic recombination or reassortment, while Herpesviruses are more limited. Only humans get Herpesviruses, while animals can get Influenza viruses and Coronaviruses. dsDNA viruses aren't very transmissible and even when they are, they're not deadly. Influenza and CoV are RNA viruses which results in having higher mutation rates -- they can more easily jump between host species. Herpesviruses are dsDNA viruses and usually very host specific. O O O Oarrow_forwardBecause viruses lack some of the traits seen in all living things, many scientists do not believe viruses to be genuinely "alive." Using a few characteristics of live organisms as examples, explain why viruses may not be truly "alive."arrow_forwardThe diagrams below represent nucleic acid genomic material and a finished product after the viral polymerase acted on the genomic material. Name the virus (either family, genus, or particular virus is acceptable) that these diagrams represent. A is B is C is Dis Genomic material Product + sense RNA A 5' VPB -sense RNA 3' VPg 5' -sense RNA 5' cap Derived from infected cell B 3' 5' AAAAA(A) 3 + sense RNA C + sense RNA -sense RNA +sense RNA 5' 3'arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...BiologyISBN:9781305117396Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...
Biology
ISBN:9781305117396
Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning