(a)
Interpretation:
Representation of proton transfer reaction by curved arrows with mentioning acids, bases and products of the given equilibrium reactions are needed to work out.
Concept introduction:
According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction.
The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. One arrow should show the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and the other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.
The favored position of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.
The lone pair of conjugate base involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to bases having single anion. The stability is due to resonance stabilization energy.
To draw: the proton transfer reaction mechanism of the given reactions by using curved arrows with mentiontioning acid, bases and predict the direction of favored position of equilibrium.
(b)
Interpretation:
Representation of proton transfer reaction by curved arrows with mentioning acids, bases and products of the given equilibrium reactions are needed to work out.
Concept introduction:
According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction.
The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. One arrow should show the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and the other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.
The favored position of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.
The lone pair of conjugate base involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to bases having single anion. The stability is due to resonance stabilization energy.
To draw: the proton transfer reaction mechanism of the given reactions by using curved arrows with mentiontioning acid, bases and predict the direction of favored position of equilibrium.
(c)
Interpretation:
Representation of proton transfer reaction by curved arrows with mentioning acids, bases and products of the given equilibrium reactions are needed to work out.
Concept introduction:
According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction.
The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. One arrow should show the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and the other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.
The favored position of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.
The lone pair of conjugate base involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to bases having single anion. The stability is due to resonance stabilization energy.
To draw: the proton transfer reaction mechanism of the given reactions by using curved arrows with mentiontioning acid, bases and predict the direction of favored position of equilibrium.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 3 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- + C8H16O2 (Fatty acid) + 11 02 → 8 CO2 a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? H2o CO₂ c. Which reactant is the electron donor? Futty acid d. Which reactant is the electron acceptor? e. Which of the product is now reduced? f. Which of the products is now oxidized? 02 #20 102 8 H₂O g. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? 2 h. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forward→ Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + 1FAD + 1ADP 2CO2 + CoA + 3NADH + 1FADH2 + 1ATP a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? c. Which reactant is the electron donor? d. Which reactants are the electron acceptors? e. Which of the products are now reduced? f. Which product is now oxidized? g. Which process was used to produce the ATP? h. Where was the energy initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? i. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? j. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. OCH 3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) Br (Choose one) Explanation Check NO2 (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Aarrow_forward
- For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Cl O donating O withdrawing ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects O Explanation Check O electron-rich O electron-deficient similar to benzene X © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessarrow_forwardIdentifying electron-donating and For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects NH2 ○ donating NO2 Explanation Check withdrawing no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating O withdrawing O no resonance effects O donating O withdrawing O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Ono resonance effects O electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene olo 18 Ar 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibilityarrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check Х (Choose one) OH (Choose one) OCH3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forward
- Assign R or S to all the chiral centers in each compound drawn below porat bg 9 Br Brarrow_forwarddescrive the energy levels of an atom and howan electron moces between themarrow_forwardRank each set of substituents using the Cahn-Ingold-Perlog sequence rules (priority) by numbering the highest priority substituent 1.arrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY