Chapter 3, Problem 3QRT

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For “An oxidizing agent”, the oxidation number increase or decrease in the redox reaction has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Redox reaction: Redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction, where both the oxidation and reduction occur at the same time. In a redox reaction, one of the reactant is oxidized and the other is reduced simultaneously.

Oxidation number:

The oxidation number of an element is zero. The oxidation number of a monoatomic ion equals its charge.

The oxidation number is zero for the summation of the oxidation numbers complete atoms in a complete formula.

The charge on the ion is equal to the summation of the oxidation numbers of complete atoms in poly atomic ion.

The oxidation state of alkali metal $(\text{Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs})$ is $+1$, and alkaline earth metal is $\text{(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)}$ is $+2$.

The oxidation state of hydrogen is $+1$ (without bonding with metals), the oxidation state of oxygen is $-2$.

An oxidizing agent gains the electrons and is reduced in a chemical reaction and it is electron acceptor.

A reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized in a chemical reaction and it is electron donor.

The oxidation state is called as oxidation number, which describes degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Theoretically, the oxidation state is positive, negative or zero.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For “A reducing agent”, the oxidation number increase or decrease in the redox reaction has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For “A substance undergoing oxidation”, the oxidation number increase or decrease in the redox reaction has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For “A substance undergoing reduction”, the oxidation number increase or decrease in the redox reaction has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a)