Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written. Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C 1 –C 2 or C 2 –C 3 or C 3 –C 4 . The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below: Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

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Answer 1

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of 2-methylpropane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: : Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

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Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of 2-methylpropane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: : Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of 2-methylpropane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: : Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 3, Problem 18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of 2-methylpropane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: : Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of 2-methylpropane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: : Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 18P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of butane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of 2-methylpropane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: : Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Various products formed from the pyrolysis of 2-methylpropane with regard to only C – C bond cleavage as initial step should be written.

Concept introduction: : Long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used. At extremely elevated temperature the C–C bond and C – H undergoes homolytic cleavage. This process generates radicals and is essentially the first step of pyrolysis. If no oxygen is available the radical formed in initial phase may recombine with one another and result in variety of alkanes. For example, the pyrolysis of hexane occurs via homolytic fission of either C1–C2 or C2–C3 or C3–C4. The radicals generated undergo combinations as illustrated below:

Thus the products have new covalent bonds formed as results of electrons contributed from different atoms.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 3.2TIY Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 3.3E Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 3.5TIY Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 3.6E Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 3.7E Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 3.9TIY Ch. 3.9 - Prob. 3.11TIY Ch. 3.11 - Prob. 3.12E Ch. 3 - Prob. 15P Ch. 3 - Prob. 16P

Solution Summary: The author explains that long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons can be broken down unless highly elevated temperatures are used.

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