Chapter 3, Problem 16P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

  

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two $\text{H}$ are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one $\text{H}$ is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no $\text{H}$ is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

  

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of $\text{σ}$ electrons into the partly vacant $p$ orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of $\text{σ}$ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

  

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two $\text{H}$ are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one $\text{H}$ is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no $\text{H}$ is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

  

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyperconjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of $\text{σ}$ electrons into the partly vacant $p$ orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of $\text{σ}$ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Nature of below alkyl radical along with names and most stable radical should be described by orbital description.

  

Concept introduction: The carbon radical linked to one alkyl/carbon while other two $\text{H}$ are termed primary alkyl radical.

The carbon radical linked to two alkyl/carbon atoms and one $\text{H}$ is termed secondary alkyl radical. The carbon radical linked to three alkyl groups/carbons and no $\text{H}$ is termed tertiary alkyl radical.

The various kinds of alkyl radicals are indicated below:

  

The tertiary radicals are most stable followed by secondary and least stable is primary methyl radical. This is because there is maximum stabilization through delocalization via hyper conjugation. The phenomenon of hyperconjugation refers to donation of $\text{σ}$ electrons into the partly vacant $p$ orbital lobes of radical carbon. More will be number of $\text{σ}$ orbital capable of donation of electrons more is the stabilization.