BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305967359
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 29, Problem 2CT
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The neurotransmitter whose release is interfered by Botox.
Introduction:
Botox is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes severe food poisoning. Botox is used for cosmetic purposes for the treatment of facial wrinkles. It is also used to treat muscle spasms, excessive sweating, and migraine.
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When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation.
How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?
A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances signals between neurons, nerve cells, and other cells in the body.
a) Identify two disorders that can result in a depletion, damage, or lack of neurotransmitters in our body. Then list and explain at least two neurotransmitters that can result in these disorders developing.
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Chapter 29 Solutions
BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)
Ch. 29 - ______ relay messages from the brain and spinal...Ch. 29 - Prob. 2SACh. 29 - Action potentials occur when ______. a. potassium...Ch. 29 - Neurotransmitters are released by _______. a. axon...Ch. 29 - Prob. 5SACh. 29 - Prob. 6SACh. 29 - Prob. 7SACh. 29 - Prob. 8SACh. 29 - Prob. 9SACh. 29 - Prob. 10SA
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- A _______________ is a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmis- sion of nerve stimuli to the muscles. neuromuscular blocker skeletal muscle relaxantarrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a peripheral nerve versus a nerve root in terms of physical therapy?arrow_forwardClostridium botulinum is a bacteria that produces a toxin. The toxin is deadly to most animals, because it prevents vesicle movement inside the axons of motor neurons. If a person were to consume food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum, which of the following would most likely occur? flaccid paralysis because their motor neurons would not be able to conduct action potentials along their axons. spastic paralysis because their motor neurons would release too much acetylcholine at the synapse with a muscle fiber spastic paralysis because their motor neurons would conduct too many action potentials along their axons. flaccid paralysis because their motor neurons would not be able to release acetylcholine at the synapse with a muscle fiberarrow_forward
- The type of receptor responsible for the tendon reflex is: 1.) Muscle spindle 2.) Skin receptor 3.)Golgi tendon organarrow_forwardSpinal cord interneurons using. A) substance P B) enkephalin C) glutamate D) GABA | as the neurotransmitter can block pain transmission Practice 0 8⁰ 9:arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding the motor end plate in the somatic motor division of the nervous system is true? After the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, the neuron releases ACh onto the muscarinic receptors on the surface of the highly folded area of the muscle fibre. The preganglionic nerve fibre releases ACh onto the postganglionic nerve fibre, which then releases ACh onto the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate. Chemically gated monovalent cation channels on the motor end plate are activated once the motor neuron releases ACh onto the nicotinic receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. The AChE enzyme enhances the amount of ACh released into the neuromuscular junctionarrow_forward
- Sarin gas is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase used in chemical warfare. Briefly (in 1 sentence or less) explain how sarin causes: a) increased urination b) tachycardia (rapid heartrate)arrow_forwardDiscuss a situation where the nervous system is functionally influencing the work system. (Give 5 situation and explain it)arrow_forwardSpastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channelsarrow_forward
- A nerve conduction velocity test measures nerve conduction velocity. In this test, an electrical stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the length of time it takes for the corresponding muscle to contract is measured. Because the length of the nerve from stimulus point to muscle and the time it takes for the muscle to contract are both known, NCV can be calculated. This test result is helpful in distinguishing between different types of pathologies. For example, a patient with muscle weakness is being tested by a physician. There are three possible sources of the weakness: Disease of the muscle itself such as muscular dystrophy. In this condition, normal muscle tissue is replaced by adipose tissue and the muscle becomes incapable of contraction. Disease at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) such as myasthenia gravis. This condition is described in the Skeletal Muscle Histology exercise and results from damage to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle end plate. Disease…arrow_forwardParkinson Disease A)Causes the loss of stimulation of excitatory motor signals. B)May be treated by levodopa. C)causes the loss of inhibition of excitatory motor signals. D)Results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain.arrow_forwardAn infected tooth forms an abscess (area of infected tissue) that fills with gas. The abscess puts pressure on the nerve of the tooth, causing a toothache. While waiting to see a dentist, the person with the toothache tried to relieve the pain by treating the infected area with moist heat. Will this treatment help? Why or why not?arrow_forward
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