BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305967359
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 29, Problem 2CT
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The neurotransmitter whose release is interfered by Botox.
Introduction:
Botox is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes severe food poisoning. Botox is used for cosmetic purposes for the treatment of facial wrinkles. It is also used to treat muscle spasms, excessive sweating, and migraine.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Electric signals can be used to
Write the letters of all that apply in the box below. Use all capital letters, with no punctuation. For
example, if A and B are correct, write "AB". If only A is correct, write "A".
A) strengthen the muscle.
B) activate the muscle after injury.
C) block pain.
D) contract muscles.
When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation.
How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?
Relative to muscles of the back, we have more dexterity and precision in the control of our fingers. This is explained by:
A) The fact that muscles of the back are under autonomic control
B) The smaller ratio of muscle fibers controlled by neurons in the fingers
C) The fact that finger muscles are smaller
D) The smaller threshold potential of finger muscles
Chapter 29 Solutions
BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)
Ch. 29 - ______ relay messages from the brain and spinal...Ch. 29 - Prob. 2SACh. 29 - Action potentials occur when ______. a. potassium...Ch. 29 - Neurotransmitters are released by _______. a. axon...Ch. 29 - Prob. 5SACh. 29 - Prob. 6SACh. 29 - Prob. 7SACh. 29 - Prob. 8SACh. 29 - Prob. 9SACh. 29 - Prob. 10SA
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- A _______________ is a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmis- sion of nerve stimuli to the muscles. neuromuscular blocker skeletal muscle relaxantarrow_forwardA neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and balances signals between neurons, nerve cells, and other cells in the body. a) Identify two disorders that can result in a depletion, damage, or lack of neurotransmitters in our body. Then list and explain at least two neurotransmitters that can result in these disorders developing.arrow_forwardSeveral of the events that occur between the time a physician strikes apatient’s patellar tendon with a rubber hammer and the time the quadriceps femoris contracts (knee-jerk reflex) are listed below:(1) increased frequency of action potentials in sensory neurons(2) stretch of the muscle spindles(3) increased frequency of action potentials in the alpha motor neurons(4) stretch of the quadriceps femoris(5) contraction of the quadriceps femorisWhich of the following most closely describes the sequence ofevents as they normally occur?a. 4,1,2,3,5 c. 1,4,3,2,5 e. 4,2,3,1,5b. 4,1,3,2,5 d. 4,2,1,3,5arrow_forward
- RMI are the following except?arrow_forwardA 54-year-old patient diagnosed with toxic fume exposure presents with symptoms affecting the neurologic system. On inspection of the upper extremities, you notice small, repetitive local contractions of the muscles visible through the skin. Which of the following best describes these types of abnormal muscle contractions? Answers: A-D A Clonus B Tensus muscularis C Asterixis D Fasciculation Oarrow_forwardStrabismus is an eye condition in which one eye is not aligned correctly (see pictures below). One treatment is to inject botulinum toxin (Botox) into eye muscles to correct the misalignment. Considering the effects of botulinum toxin on the neuromuscular junction we have learned, which muscle would you inject the toxin (A-D)? Briefly explain the molecular mechanism underlying this treatment. Left eye Right eye Normal eye alignment Left eye Right eye A B C D D Strabismusarrow_forward
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- Discuss a situation where the nervous system is functionally influencing the work system. (Give 5 situation and explain it)arrow_forwarda) Through which method of intercellular signaling do motor neurons communicate with muscle fibers? b) Action potentials are an “all or nothing” response, so contraction of muscle fibers downstream of the neuromuscular junction is also an “all or nothing” process. Given that this is the case, briefly describe the two ways that muscles generate varying degrees of forcearrow_forwardSpastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channelsarrow_forward
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