Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 28.9, Problem 1MQ
Compare and contrast live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and toxoids. Which of these has the greatest potential to cause active disease in the recipient? Which typically provides the longest-lasting immunity?
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Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high concentrations of anti-meningococcal antibodies that would provide mucosal as well as bloodstream protection. Also, the ideal candidate vaccine should also provide long-lasting immunity to the infection. The figure below shows the responses to a primary, followed by a secondary immunization to each of the two candidate vaccines.
a) Which candidate vaccine elicits the preferred response? What are the three aspects of the preferred response that make it the candidate vaccine of choice?
b) What is the likely composition of each vaccine and what evidence from the information above are used to lead to your conclusions?
c) To confirm the choice of the preferred candidate vaccine, what type of additional information from the vaccine trials in mice shown above would support this conclusion? Name two additional features of the secondary antibody response to each candidate vaccine that could be…
Most vaccines are designed to be preventative or prophylactic. What does this mean?
Chapter 28 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 28.1 - The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is...Ch. 28.1 - Identify and discuss the standard safety...Ch. 28.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 28.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 28.2 - How can the spread of HAIs be controlled?Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 28.3 - What are the key points necessary for proper...Ch. 28.3 - Identify culture methods and conditions used for...Ch. 28.3 - QWhy is it important to process clinical specimens...Ch. 28.4 - Describe the disc diffusion test and the Etest for...
Ch. 28.4 - What is the value of antimicrobial drug...Ch. 28.4 - QDescribe the disc diffusion test for antibiotic...Ch. 28.5 - Explain the reasons for changes in antibody titer...Ch. 28.5 - Describe the method, time frame, and rationale for...Ch. 28.5 - What advantages do monoclonal antibodies have...Ch. 28.5 - QWhy does antibody titer rise after infection? Is...Ch. 28.6 - How is the bivalence of antibodies significant for...Ch. 28.6 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of...Ch. 28.6 - Why are agglutination tests so widely used in...Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 28.7 - Compare the advantages and disadvantages of EIA,...Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 28.8 - What advantage(s) does nucleic acid amplification...Ch. 28.8 - How do quantitative PCR (qPCR) and qualitative PCR...Ch. 28.8 - Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative...Ch. 28.9 - Compare and contrast live attenuated vaccines,...Ch. 28.9 - Identify the advantages of alternative...Ch. 28.9 - QList the immunizations recommended for children...Ch. 28.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 28.10 - How does the activity of each antibiotic class...Ch. 28.10 - What are the sources of aminoglycosides,...Ch. 28.10 - Antibiotics are chemically diverse antimicrobial...Ch. 28.11 - What steps in the viral maturation process are...Ch. 28.11 - Why are there fewer clinically effective...Ch. 28.11 - Why is host toxicity a common problem with...Ch. 28.12 - Identify the basic mechanisms of antibiotic...Ch. 28.12 - What does vancomycin have in common with...Ch. 28.12 - Prob. 3MQCh. 28.12 - What practices contribute to the spread of...Ch. 28 - Define the procedures you would use to isolate and...Ch. 28 - Prob. 2AQCh. 28 - Describe three important reasons why semisynthetic...Ch. 28 - Imagine yourself as a clinical microbiologist with...
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- Provide an example of a passive immunity created artificially. How does the vaccinated person gain from artificial passive immunity?arrow_forwardCompare and contrast live attenuated vaccines, inactivatedvaccines, and toxoids. Which of these has the greatest potentialto cause active disease in the recipient? Which typically providesthe longest-lasting immunity?arrow_forwardTwo newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high concentrations of anti-meningococcal antibodies that would provide mucosal as well as bloodstream protection. Also, the ideal candidate vaccine should also provide long-lasting immunity to the infection. Below is a diagram of the results from the primary immunization with both candidate vaccines. What is the predominant antibody isotype elicited by the primary immunization with these candidate vaccines? In which part of the body is that antibody primarily found?arrow_forward
- Name the different types of immune responses that vaccines aim to induce.arrow_forwardGive an example for each: natural and artificial active immunityand natural and artificial passive immunityarrow_forwardFor which disease active and passive immunization (antibodies) is given simultaneously? Explain how effective this strategy would be and whyarrow_forward
- A 40-year-old man with a complement deficiency agrees to participate in a clinical study of immune mechanisms. The subject is unable to activate the complement system by the classical pathway, but he can activate the complement system by the alternate pathway. Deletion of which of the following components is consistent with these findings? A) C2 B) C3 C) C5 D) C8 E) Factor B F) Factor D OG) Factor H OH) von Willebrand factorarrow_forwardplease give all four answers asaparrow_forwardVaccines are biological preparations that establishes or improves immunity to a particular disease. What is the history of vaccines?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statement(s) about DNA vaccines is(are) NOT true? Check all that apply. A.) DNA vaccines are an example of "ex vivo" vaccination; cells are removed from the body, transfected with DNA expressing the antigen(s) of interest, and then the cells are returned to the body. B.) DNA vaccines can be used to immunize with multiple different antigens. C.) DNA vaccines only stimulate B cell responses. D.) DNA vaccines only stimulate T cell responses. DNA vaccines alone often result in poor immunogenicityarrow_forwardHerd immunity means that the entire population (not just those who are vaccinated) are protected from a disease. What is one way that herd immunity protects an unvaccinated person (such as an infant who is too young to be vaccinated or a person who is immunocompromised)?arrow_forwardDistinguish between the innate and adaptive immune systems in terms of cell types used, how they recognize pathogens, and how they protect animals from infection. Predict how perturbations in immune cells or immune responses influence innate immune system function. Predict how perturbations in immune cells or immune responses influence adaptive immune system function. Explain how traditional and mRNA vaccines work using the terms: antibody, antigen, B-cells, helper T-cells, plasma cells, and memory B-cells. Predict whether an infection or perturbations in B- and T- cell development might predispose someone to develop an autoimmune disease.arrow_forward
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