Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 28.10, Problem 1CR
Antibiotics are chemically diverse antimicrobial compounds produced by microorganisms. Each antibiotic works by inhibiting a specific cellular process in the target microorganisms. The β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, target bacterial cell wall synthesis and are the most important class of clinical antibiotics. The aminoglycosides, macrolides, and tetracycline antibiotics selectively interfere with protein synthesis in Bacteria. The quinolones are an important class of synthetic antibacterial drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis. Daptomycin and platensimycin are structurally novel antibiotics that target cytoplasmic membrane functions and lipid biosynthesis, respectively.
What are the common sources for natural antibiotics? How do these antimicrobial drugs differ from growth factor analogs, such as the sulfa drugs? Why are β-lactam antibiotics generally more effective against gram-positive bacteria than against gram-negative bacteria?
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Kinetics: One-Compartment First-Order Absorption
1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple routes of administration provides greater insight than a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250-g rats following bolus IV, oral (PO), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.
Using this data and set of graphs, determine:(calculate for each variable)
(a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data
(b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data
c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data
(d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip
(e)absolute ip bioavailability, Fip
(f) absolute po bioavailability, Fpo
3. A promising new drug is being evaluated in human trials. Based on preliminary human tests, this drug is most effective when plasma levels exceed 30 mg/L. Measurements from preliminary tests indicate the following human pharmacokinetic parameter values: t1/2,elim = 4.6hr, t1/2,abs = 0.34hr, VD = 0.29 L/kg, Foral = 72%. Based on these parameters, estimate the following if a 49 kg woman were to receive a 1000mg oral dose of this drug:
(a) Estimate the plasma concentration of the drug at 1hr, 6 hr, and 20hr after taking the drug ( Concentration estimate)
(b) Estimate the time for maximum plasma concentration (tmax).
(c) Estimate the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax).
(d) Estimate the time at which the plasma level first rises above 30 mg/L. (Note this is a trial and error problem where you must guess a time, plug it into the concentration equation, and determine if it is close to 30 mg/L. Hint: based on part (a) it should be apparent that the answer is less than 1hr.)
(e)…
Chapter 28 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 28.1 - The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is...Ch. 28.1 - Identify and discuss the standard safety...Ch. 28.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 28.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 28.2 - How can the spread of HAIs be controlled?Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 28.3 - What are the key points necessary for proper...Ch. 28.3 - Identify culture methods and conditions used for...Ch. 28.3 - QWhy is it important to process clinical specimens...Ch. 28.4 - Describe the disc diffusion test and the Etest for...
Ch. 28.4 - What is the value of antimicrobial drug...Ch. 28.4 - QDescribe the disc diffusion test for antibiotic...Ch. 28.5 - Explain the reasons for changes in antibody titer...Ch. 28.5 - Describe the method, time frame, and rationale for...Ch. 28.5 - What advantages do monoclonal antibodies have...Ch. 28.5 - QWhy does antibody titer rise after infection? Is...Ch. 28.6 - How is the bivalence of antibodies significant for...Ch. 28.6 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of...Ch. 28.6 - Why are agglutination tests so widely used in...Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 28.7 - Compare the advantages and disadvantages of EIA,...Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 28.8 - What advantage(s) does nucleic acid amplification...Ch. 28.8 - How do quantitative PCR (qPCR) and qualitative PCR...Ch. 28.8 - Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative...Ch. 28.9 - Compare and contrast live attenuated vaccines,...Ch. 28.9 - Identify the advantages of alternative...Ch. 28.9 - QList the immunizations recommended for children...Ch. 28.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 28.10 - How does the activity of each antibiotic class...Ch. 28.10 - What are the sources of aminoglycosides,...Ch. 28.10 - Antibiotics are chemically diverse antimicrobial...Ch. 28.11 - What steps in the viral maturation process are...Ch. 28.11 - Why are there fewer clinically effective...Ch. 28.11 - Why is host toxicity a common problem with...Ch. 28.12 - Identify the basic mechanisms of antibiotic...Ch. 28.12 - What does vancomycin have in common with...Ch. 28.12 - Prob. 3MQCh. 28.12 - What practices contribute to the spread of...Ch. 28 - Define the procedures you would use to isolate and...Ch. 28 - Prob. 2AQCh. 28 - Describe three important reasons why semisynthetic...Ch. 28 - Imagine yourself as a clinical microbiologist with...
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