College Physics
OER 2016 Edition
ISBN: 9781947172173
Author: OpenStax
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Chapter 28, Problem 69PE
The Sun produces energy at a rate of
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The sun produces energy by nuclear fusion reactions, in which matter is converted into energy. By measuring the amount of energy we receive from the sun, we know that it is producing energy at a rate of 3.8 x 1026 W. (a) How many kilograms of matter does the sun lose each second? Approximately how many tons of matter is this (1 ton = 2000 lb)? (b) At this rate, how long would it take the sun to use up all its mass?
The Sun produces energy at a rate of 4.00×1026 W by the fusion of hydrogen. (a) How many kilograms of hydrogen undergo fusion each second? (b) If the Sun is 90.0% hydrogen and half of this can undergo fusion before the Sunchanges character, how long could it produce energy at its current rate? (c) How many kilograms of mass is the Sun losing per second? (d) What fraction of its mass will it have lost in the time found in part (b)?
The sun generates energy through nuclear fusion, which converts mass intoenergy. If the sun radiates 3.8 × 1026 W of power, calculate the rate at which the sun loses mass (i.e., kg/s).
_________×109kg/s ?
Compare the energy produced per kg of fuel for the combustion of coal, d-d fusion and d-t fusion.d-d: __________ ×107 MJ/kg?d-t: ___________×108 MJ/kg ?
The age of the sun has been estimated at 4.6 billion years. If it has radiatedenergy at the same rate throughout its lifetime, 3.8×1026 W and if its current mass is1.989×1030 kg, what fraction of its original mass has been lost _____________% ?
Chapter 28 Solutions
College Physics
Ch. 28 - Which of Einstein's postulates of special...Ch. 28 - Is Earth an inertial frame of reference? Is the...Ch. 28 - When you are flying in a commercial jet, it may...Ch. 28 - Does motion affect the rate of a clock as measured...Ch. 28 - To whom does the elapsed time for a process seem...Ch. 28 - How could you travel far into the future without...Ch. 28 - To does an object seem greater in length, an...Ch. 28 - Relativistic effects such as time dilation and...Ch. 28 - Suppose an astronaut is moving relative to the...Ch. 28 - Explain the meaning of the terms "red shift" and...
Ch. 28 - What happens to the relativistic Doppler effect...Ch. 28 - Is the relativistic Doppler effect consistent with...Ch. 28 - All galaxies farther away than about 50106ly...Ch. 28 - How does modern relativity modify the law of...Ch. 28 - Is it possible for an external force to be acting...Ch. 28 - How are the classical laws of conservation of...Ch. 28 - What happens to the mass of water in a pot when it...Ch. 28 - Consider a thought experiment. You place an...Ch. 28 - The mass of the fuel in a nuclear reactor...Ch. 28 - We know that the velocity of an object with mass...Ch. 28 - Given the fact that light travels at c, can it...Ch. 28 - If you use an Earth-based telescope to project a...Ch. 28 - (a) What is if v=0.250c ? (b) If v=0.500c ?Ch. 28 - (a) What is if v=0.100c ? (b) If v=0.900c ?Ch. 28 - Particles called -mesons are produced by...Ch. 28 - Suppose a particle called a kaon is created by...Ch. 28 - A neutral -meson is a particle that can be...Ch. 28 - A neutron lives 900 s when at rest relative to an...Ch. 28 - If relativistic effects are to be less than 1%,...Ch. 28 - If relativistic effects are to be less than 3%,...Ch. 28 - (a) At what relative velocity is =1.50 ? (b) At...Ch. 28 - (a) At what relative velocity is =2.00 ? (b) At...Ch. 28 - Unreasonable Results (a) Find the value of for...Ch. 28 - A spaceship, 200 m long as seen on board, moves by...Ch. 28 - How fast would a 6.0 m-long sports car have to be...Ch. 28 - (a) How far does the muon in Example 28.1 travel...Ch. 28 - (a) How long would the muon in Example 28.1 have...Ch. 28 - (a) How long does it take the astronaut in Example...Ch. 28 - (a) How fast would an athlete need to be running...Ch. 28 - Unreasonable Results (a) Find the value of for...Ch. 28 - Unreasonable Results A spaceship is heading...Ch. 28 - Suppose a spaceship heading straight towards the...Ch. 28 - Repeat the previous problem with the ship heading...Ch. 28 - If a spaceship is approaching the Earth at 0.100c...Ch. 28 - (a) Suppose the speed of light were only 3000 m/s....Ch. 28 - If a galaxy moving away from the Earth has a speed...Ch. 28 - A space probe speeding towards the nearest star...Ch. 28 - If two spaceships are heading directly towards...Ch. 28 - Two planets are on a collision course, heading...Ch. 28 - When a missile is shot from one spaceship towards...Ch. 28 - What is the relative velocity of two spaceships if...Ch. 28 - Near the center of our galaxy, hydrogen gas is...Ch. 28 - A highway patrol officer uses a device that...Ch. 28 - Prove that for any relative velocity v between two...Ch. 28 - Show that for any relative velocity v between two...Ch. 28 - (a) All but the closest galaxies are receding from...Ch. 28 - Find the momentum of a helium nucleus having a...Ch. 28 - What is the momentum of an electron traveling at...Ch. 28 - (a) Find the momentum of a 1.00109 kg asteroid...Ch. 28 - (a) What is the momentum of a 2000 kg satellite...Ch. 28 - What is the velocity of an electron that has a...Ch. 28 - Find the velocity of a proton that has a momentum...Ch. 28 - (a) Calculate the speed of a 1.00- g particle of...Ch. 28 - (a) Calculate for a proton that has a momentum of...Ch. 28 - What is the rest energy of an electron, given its...Ch. 28 - Find the rest energy in joules and MeV of a...Ch. 28 - If the rest energies of a proton and a neutron...Ch. 28 - The Big Bang that began the universe is estimated...Ch. 28 - A supernova explosion of a 2.001031 kg star...Ch. 28 - (a) Using data from Table 7.1, calculate the mass...Ch. 28 - (a) Using data from Table 7.1, calculate the...Ch. 28 - There is approximately 1034 J of energy available...Ch. 28 - A muon has a rest mass energy of 105.7 MeV, and it...Ch. 28 - A -meson is a particle that decays into a muon...Ch. 28 - (a) Calculate the relativistic kinetic energy of a...Ch. 28 - Alpha decay is nuclear decay in which a helium...Ch. 28 - (a) Beta decay is nuclear decay in which an...Ch. 28 - A positron is an antimatter version of the...Ch. 28 - What is the kinetic energy in MeV of a -meson...Ch. 28 - Find the kinetic energy in MeV of a neutron with a...Ch. 28 - (a) Show that (pc)2/(m c 2)2=21. This means that...Ch. 28 - One cosmic ray neutron has a velocity of 0.250c...Ch. 28 - What is for a proton having a mass energy of...Ch. 28 - (a) What is the effective accelerating potential...Ch. 28 - (a) Using data from Table 7.1, find the mass...Ch. 28 - (a) Calculate the energy released by the...Ch. 28 - A Van de Graaff accelerator utilizes a 50.0 MV...Ch. 28 - Suppose you use an average of 500kWh of electric...Ch. 28 - (a) A nuclear power plant converts energy from...Ch. 28 - Nuclear-powered rockets were researched for some...Ch. 28 - The Sun produces energy at a rate of 4.001026 W by...Ch. 28 - Unreasonable Results A proton has a mass of...Ch. 28 - Construct Your Own Problem Consider a highly...Ch. 28 - Construct Your Own Problem Consider an astronaut...Ch. 28 - Prob. 1TPCh. 28 - Prob. 2TPCh. 28 - Prob. 3TPCh. 28 - Prob. 4TPCh. 28 - Prob. 5TPCh. 28 - Prob. 6TP
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- Energy reaches the upper atmosphere of the Earth from the Sun at the rate of 1.79 1017 W. If all of this energy were absorbed by the Earth and not re-emitted, how much would the mass of the Earth increase in 1.00 yr?arrow_forward(a) Using data from Table 7.1, calculate the amount of mass converted to energy by the fusion of 1.00 kg of hydrogen. (b) What is the ratio of mass destroyed to the original mass, m/m ? (c) How does this compare with m/m for the fission of 1.00 kg of uranium?arrow_forwardUsing data from Potential Energy of a System (http://cnx.org/content/m58312/latest/#fs-id1165036086155) , calculate the amount of mass converted to energy by the fusion of 1.00 kg of hydrogen. (b) What is the ratio of mass destroyed to the original mass, (c) How does this compare with for the fission of 1.00 kg of uranium?arrow_forward
- A muon formed high in Earth's atmosphere travels toward Earth at a speed v = 0.990c for a distance of 4.60 km as measured by an observer at rest with respect to Earth. It then decays into an electron, a neutrino, and an antineutrino. (a) How long does the muon survive according to an observer at rest on Earth? (b) Compute the gamma factor associated with the muon. (c) How much time passes according to an observer traveling with the muon? (d) What distance does the muon travel according to an observer traveling with the muon? (e) A third observer traveling toward the muon at c/2 measures the lifetime of the particle. According to this observer, is the muons lifetime shorter or longer than the lifetime measured by the observer at rest with respect to Earth? Explain.arrow_forwardAn object having mass 900 kg and traveling at speed 0.850c collides with a stationary object having mass 1 400 kg. The two objects stick together. Find (a) the speed and (b) the mass of the composite object.arrow_forwardIf the rest energies of a proton and a neutron (the two constituents of nuclei) are 938.3 and 939.6 MeV, what is the difference in their mass in kilograms?arrow_forward
- How long will the Sun shine, Nellie? The Sun radiates about 4.0 × 1026 J of energy into space each second. (a) How much mass is released as radiation each second? (b) If the mass of the Sun is 2.0 × 1030 kg, how long can the Sun survive if the energy release continues at the present rate?arrow_forward(a) Calculate the energy released by the destruction of 1.00 kg of mass. (b) How many kilograms could be lifted to a 10.0 km height by this amount of energy?arrow_forward(a) Using data from Table 7.1, find the mass destroyed when the energy in a barrel of crude oil is released. (b) Given these barrels contain 200 liters and assuming the density of crude oil is 750 kg/m3, what is the ratio of mass destroyed to original mass, m/m ?arrow_forward
- (a) Using data from Table 7.1, calculate the mass converted to energy by the fission of 1.00 kg of uranium. (b) What is the ratio of mass destroyed to the original mass, m/m ?arrow_forwardA muon has a rest mass energy of 105.7 MeV, and it decays into an electron and a massless particle. (a) If all the lost mass is converted into the electron's kinetic energy, find for the electron. (b) What is the electron's velocity?arrow_forwardCalculate the momentum of a proton moving with a speed of (a) 0.010c, (b) 0.50c, (c) 0.90c. (d) Convert the answers of (a)(c) to MeV/c.arrow_forward
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