Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The bacterial group from which a chloroplast is likely to evolve.
Introduction: The two basic types of cells are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Bacteria and archaea are considered as prokaryotes in terms of lacking membrane-bound organelles, internal membranous structures, and the cytoskeleton.
b.
To define: The term “metagenomics”.
Introduction: Prokaryotes have evolved approximately 3.5 billion years ago and extensively adapted to various structural and
To determine: The way by which metagenomics contributes to the prokaryotic phylogeny.
Introduction: The study of genetic materials recovered directly from the environmental samples is called metagenomics.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 27 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
- Under the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell. The ancestor of mitochondria and chloroplasts original became part of mutualism with a larger host cell. Which of the following best explains this mutualism? A) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided specialized reproduction as part of the proto-germ line while the larger host cell provided energy for growth and reproduction. B) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided gene products that could be used by the larger host cell for improved parasitization. C) The mitochondria and chloroplasts provided molecular energy in return for protection by the larger host cell. D) The mitochondria and chloroplasts produce toxins that the larger cell utilized to defend itself from other cells mutually increasing the defense of all those involved.arrow_forwardWhat is the evidence that the metamonads, which lack mitochondria, derive from ancestors that had mitochondria rather than from ancestors that were in lineages that never contained mitochondria?arrow_forwarda) Describe some characteristics and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.b) How do the three domains of life differ from one another?c) Two of the organelles in eukaryotes, the mitochondrion and the chloroplast are believed to haveoriginated through a process of symbiosis. Discuss some of the theories of the origins ofmitochondria and chloroplastsarrow_forward
- 50) Some protists, formerly united as the ʺamitochondriateʺ clade, have recently been shown to be rather diverse. Some of them possess neither mitochondria nor mitochondrial genes (and have been classified as fungi). Others possess no mitochondria, but do have mitochondrial genes in their nuclear genome. Still others have modified mitochondria (viz. mitosomes or hydrogenosomes). Which statement(s) represent(s) consequences of these recent findings? 1. The amitochondriates do not comprise a true clade. 2. The ʺamitochondriate hypothesisʺ concerning the root of the eukaryotic tree has been strengthened. 3. Just as there is a diversity of cyanobacterial descendants among eukaryotes, so too is there a diversity of alpha-proteobacterial descendants among the eukaryotes. 4. If the amitochondriate organisms continued to be recognized as a taxon, this taxon would be polyphyletic. 5. Horizontal gene transfer involving mitochondrial genes has occurred in some amitochondriate organisms. A) 1 only…arrow_forwardWhich traits are shared by all eukaryotic cells, and what are the three major lines of evidence that mitochondria arose from endosymbiosis with proteobacteria?arrow_forward. Which of the following prokaryotic kingdoms is characterized by the absence of a nucleus, the absence of histone proteins, the presence of fatty acids ester-linked to glycerol in their G-3-P cell membrane, and the presence of enzymes for constructing a peptidoglycan cell wall? kingdom Archaeobacteria kingdom Animalia kingdom Fungi kingdom Plantae kingdom Eubacteriaarrow_forward
- In the late 1960s (and since), Lynn Margulis (and others) provided considerable evidence for the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of various organelles in eukaryotic cells.What is the endosymbiotic theory? Which two eukaryotic organelles were proposed to have arisen as endosymbionts? What evidence did Margulis present to support each organelle as an endosymbiont?arrow_forwardPlease answer fastarrow_forwardPlease, help: Question: Evolution of Prokaryote into the Eukaryote cell type. A. What are the significant the significant changes that are represented in the evolution of the prokaryote cell type into the eukaryote cell. B. Why are these changes (major differences) important in the process of evolution of more complex organisms?arrow_forward
- Describe the features of mitochondria and chloroplasts that support the endosymbiotic theory.arrow_forwardEndosymbiosis greatly altered eukaryotes as they acquired organelles. In the red algae shown below, the mitochondria is on left (solid lines), the chloroplast is in the middle (dotted lines), and the nucleus is on the right (dashed lines).arrow_forwardGiardia is a protozoan parasite that lacks mitochondria. Based on the figure below, what could be the explanation for this. Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning